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ポンティアック戦争

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
ポンティアック戦争

1763年4月27日、イギリスに対する決起を呼びかけるポンティアックの様子を描いた白人の想像画
戦争インディアン戦争
年月日1763年 - 1766年
場所五大湖地方
結果:軍事的には手詰まり。インディアンはイギリスの権威に譲歩したが、イギリスも政策を変えることを強いられた。
交戦勢力
イギリス軍 インディアン
指導者・指揮官
ジェフリー・アマースト
ヘンリー・ブーケット
オブワンディヤグ
カヤホスタ
戦力
兵士3,000 戦士3,500
損害
戦死した兵士450、
死亡または捕虜となった民間人2,000、
退去した民間人4,000
戦死した戦士200、
他に戦闘または病気による死者の可能性あり

: Pontiac's Rebellion/ (1754-1763)1763

[]


176358

17642

1763

[]


[1]1851[2]1[3]

調[4]調

2019881[5]使使[6]


戦争の原因[編集]



You think yourselves Masters of this Country, because you have taken it from the French, who, you know, had no Right to it, as it is the Property of us Indians.
ショーニー族のニムワ酋長の言葉
イギリスのジョージ・クローガンに対して。1768年[7]

1760[8]

1763[9]

[]


1763pays d'en haut[10]

311760[11]

2[12]使[13]

3[14][15]退1763[16] 

西17611763[17]

[]


8,000500[18][19]

1761[20]

[21]

使1761[22]

[]


調[23]

1760[24][25]

[]

19John Mix Stanley[26]

[]


17631761[27][28]17616[29]17619[30]1763[31]

8[32][33]

1[34]



調[35]

[]


176342710 (16 km)[36]5150[37]2

[38]

57300[39]2[40][41]6900

宿7311031[42]

[]


516625[43]17611762[44]516915[45]100[43]1[46] 52515[47]35279[48]

西5 (8 km)6120使[49][50] 

56235155[51]

6361612[52]61812[53]

825061926030[54][55]

[]


西550200[56][57]62272[58]

629使[59]

713716使[60]

62421[61]

121[62]

[]


815008528203[63]

西914300沿270[64]

[]


西11214506141227[65]

17641[66]

1764-1766[]


1764100[67]5261561413726411010[68]

貿1763817642西1使[69]

[]


1764782,0001[70]

2[]


2西2西2

176481,20081292[71]

西826使便[72]

1031,150101720017657[73]

[]


1764[74][75]

1765姿[76]1765

[77]調1766725調×[78] [79]

[]


40050[80]2,0002,000[81]4,000[82]200[83]

[84]調[85][86]

[87][88][89]"[90]

176310717631763西1763[91]

1763[92]西[93][94]

[95][96]1763西1767[97]

脚注[編集]



(一)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 303n21; Peckham, Pontiac and the Indian Uprising, 107n.

(二)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", x.

(三)^ McConnell, "Introduction", xiii; Dowd, War under Heaven, 7.

(四)^ Readings in Jurisprudence and Legal PhilosophyFelix S. Cohen1952

(五)^ Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 442.

(六)^ :西W.J.使1763使使  

(七)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 216.

(八)^ Anderson, Crucible of War, 453.

(九)^ White, Middle Ground, 256.

(十)^ For tribes not political units, see White, Middle Ground, xiv. For other Ottawas denounce war, see White, Middle Ground, 287.

(11)^ White, Middle Ground, 260.

(12)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 168.

(13)^ Anderson, Crucible of War, 626-32.

(14)^ McConnell, Country Between, ch. 1.

(15)^ White, Middle Ground, 240-45.

(16)^ White, Middle Ground, 248-55.

(17)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 85-89.

(18)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 157-58.

(19)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 63-69.

(20)^ White, Middle Ground, 36, 113, 179?83.

(21)^ White, Middle Ground, 256-58; McConnell, A Country Between, 163-64; Dowd, War under Heaven, 70-75.

(22)^ For effect of the Cherokee gunpowder shortage on Amherst, see Anderson, Crucible of War, 468-71; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 78. For Indian resentment of gunpowder restrictions, see Dowd, War under Heaven, 76-77; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 83.

(23)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 82-3.

(24)^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 34.

(25)^ White, Middle Ground, 279-85.

(26)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 6.

(27)^ White, Middle Ground, 272; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 85-87.

(28)^ White, Middle Ground, 276.

(29)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 105; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 87-88.

(30)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 92-93, 100; Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 46-47.

(31)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 104.

(32)^ Parkman, Conspiracy, 1:186-87; McConnell, A Country Between, 182.

(33)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 108-10. 使 Jacobs, "Pontiac's War", 83-90.

(34)^ McConnell, A Country Between, 182.

(35)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 105-13, 160 (for French flag), 268; White, Middle Ground, 276-77; Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 126.  (p. 105)

(36)^ Parkman, Conspiracy, 1:200-08.

(37)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 108; Peckham, Indian Uprising, 116.

(38)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 119-20; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 109.

(39)^  Dixon, "Never Come to Peace, 109-10; Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 77-8.

(40)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 111-12.

(41)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 114.

(42)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 139.

(43)^ abDowd, War under Heaven, 125.

(44)^ McConnell, A Country Between, 167; Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 44.

(45)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 86, gives the number of traders killed at Sandusky as 12; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, mentions "three or four", while Dowd, War under Heaven, 125, says that it was "a great many".

(46)^ Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 86; Parkman, Conspiracy, 1:271.

(47)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 88-9.

(48)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 90.

(49)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 121.

(50)^ Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 90-1.

(51)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 122; Dowd, War under Heaven, 126; Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 95-97.

(52)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 99.

(53)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 101-02.

(54)^ Dixon (Never Come to Peace, 149) says that Presque Isle held 29 soldiers and several civilians, while Dowd (War under Heaven, 127) writes that there were "perhaps sixty men" inside.

(55)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 128.

(56)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 151; Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 92.

(57)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 151.

(58)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 130; Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 97-8, 113.

(59)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 226; Anderson, Crucible of War, 542, 809n.

(60)^ Anderson, Crucible of War, 809n; Grenier, First Way of War, 144; Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 114-15.

(61)^ Anderson, Crucible of War, 541-2; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 447n26. 1761使 Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 153.

(62)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 152-55; McConnell, A Country Between, 195-96; Dowd, War under Heaven, 190. For historians who believe the attempt at infection was successful, see Nester, Haughty Conquerors", 112; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 447-48.

(63)^ For celebration and praise, see Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 196.

(64)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 224-25; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 210-11; Dowd, War under Heaven, 137.

(65)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 173.

(66)^ Franklin quoted in Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 176.

(67)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 194.

(68)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 222-24; Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 194.

(69)^ Anderson, Crucible of War, 553, 617-20.

(70)^ For Niagara treaty, see McConnell, A Country Between, 197-99; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 219-20, 228; Dowd, War under Heaven, 151-53.

(71)^ For Bradstreet along Lake Erie, see White, Middle Ground, 291-92; McConnell, A Country Between, 199-200; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 228-29; Dowd, War under Heaven, 155-58. Dowd writes that Bradstreet's Indian escort numbered "some six hundred" (p. 155), while Dixon gives it as "more than 250" (p. 228).

(72)^ For Bradstreet at Detroit, see White, Middle Ground, 297-98; McConnell, A Country Between, 199-200; Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 227-32; Dowd, War under Heaven, 153-62.

(73)^ For Bouquet expedition, see Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 233-41; McConnell, A Country Between, 201-05; Dowd, War under Heaven, 162-65.

(74)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 242.

(75)^ White, Middle Ground, 300-1; Dowd, War under Heaven, 217-19.

(76)^ White, Middle Ground, 302.

(77)^ White, Middle Ground, 305, note 70.

(78)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 253-54.

(79)^ Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 76, 150.

(80)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 239. Nester ("Haughty Conquerors", 280) lists 500 killed, an apparent misprint since his source is Peckham.

(81)^ For works which report 2,000 killed (rather than killed and captured), see Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 446; Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", vii, 172. Nester later (p. 279) revises this number down to about 450 killed. Dowd argues that Croghan's widely reported estimate "cannot be taken seriously" because it was a "wild guess" made while Croghan was far away in London; Dowd, War under Heaven, 142.

(82)^ Dowd, War under Heaven, 275.

(83)^ Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", 279.

(84)^ Peckham, Indian Uprising, 322.

(85)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 242-43; White, Middle Ground, 289; McConnell, "Introduction", xv.

(86)^ White, Middle Ground, 305-09; Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 76; Richter, Facing East, 210.

(87)^ Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 77.

(88)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, xiii.

(89)^ Richter, Facing East, 190-91.

(90)^ Richter, Facing East, 208.

(91)^ Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 92.

(92)^ Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 96-98.

(93)^ Dixon, Never Come to Peace, 246.

(94)^ Calloway, Scratch of a Pen, 91.

(95)^ Hinderaker, Elusive Empires, 156.

(96)^ For first extensive war, see Steele, Warpaths, 234. For first war not to be complete Indian defeat, see Steele, Warpaths, 247.

(97)^ Dowd, Spirited Resistance, 42-43, 91-93; Dowd, War under Heaven, 264-66.

参考文献[編集]

  • Anderson, Fred. Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766. New York: Knopf, 2000. ISBN 0-375-40642-5. (discussion)
  • Calloway, Colin. The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America. Oxford University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530071-8.
  • Dixon, David. Never Come to Peace Again: Pontiac's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8061-3656-1.
  • Dowd, Gregory Evans. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8018-4609-9.
  • Dowd, Gregory Evans. War under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, & the British Empire. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-8018-7079-8, ISBN 0-8018-7892-6 (paperback). (review)
  • Grenier, John. The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607-1814. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-84566-1.
  • Hinderaker, Eric. Elusive Empires: Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley, 1763-1800. Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-66345-8.
  • Jacobs, Wilbur R. "Pontiac's War?A Conspiracy?" in Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and Whites on the Colonial Frontier, 83?93. New York: Scribners, 1972.
  • Jennings, Francis. Empire of Fortune: Crowns, Colonies, and Tribes in the Seven Years War in America. New York: Norton, 1988. ISBN 0-393-30640-2.
  • McConnell, Michael N. A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and Its Peoples, 1724-1774. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8032-8238-9. (review)
  • McConnell, Michael N. "Introduction to the Bison Book Edition" of The Conspiracy of Pontiac by Francis Parkman. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994. ISBN 0-8032-8733-X.
  • Nester, William R. "Haughty Conquerors": Amherst and the Great Indian Uprising of 1763. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2000. ISBN 0-275-96770-0. A narrative history based mostly on previously published sources, Gregory Dowd writes that "Nester pays little attention to archival sources, sources in French, ethnography, and the past two decades of scholarship on Native American history" (Dowd, War under Heaven, 283n9).
  • Francis Parkman|Parkman, Francis. The Conspiracy of Pontiac and the Indian War after the Conquest of Canada. 2 volumes. Originally published Boston, 1851; revised 1870. Reprinted often, including Bison book edition: ISBN 0-8032-8733-X (vol 1); ISBN 0-8032-8737-2 (vol 2). Parkman's landmark work, though still influential, has largely been supplanted by modern scholarship.
  • Peckham, Howard H. Pontiac and the Indian Uprising. University of Chicago Press, 1947. ISBN 0-8143-2469-X.
  • Richter, Daniel K. Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00638-0. (review)
  • Steele, Ian K. Warpaths: Invasions of North America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-19-508223-0.
  • Ward, Matthew C. "The Microbes of War: The British Army and Epidemic Disease among the Ohio Indians, 1758?1765". In David Curtis Skaggs and Larry L. Nelson, eds., The Sixty Years' War for the Great Lakes, 1754?1814, 63?78. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-87013-569-4.
  • White, Richard. The Middle Ground: Indians, Empires, and Republics in the Great Lakes Region, 1650?1815. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-42460-7. (info)
  • Auth, Stephen F. The Ten Years' War: Indian-White relations in Pennsylvania, 1755-1765. New York: Garland, 1989. ISBN 0824061721.
  • Barr, Daniel, ed. The Boundaries between Us: Natives and Newcomers along the Frontiers of the Old Northwest Territory, 1750-1850. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2006. ISBN 0873388445.
  • Allan W. Eckert|Eckert, Allan W.The Conquerors: A Narrative. Boston: Little, Brown, 1970. Reprinted 2002, Jesse Stuart Foundation, ISBN 1-931672-06-7, ISBN 1-931672-07-5 (paperback). Detailed history written in novelized form, generally considered by academic historians to be fiction (see Nester, "Haughty Conquerors", xii; Jennings, Empire of Fortune, 77 n. 13).
  • McConnell, Michael N. Army and Empire: British Soldiers on the American Frontier, 1758-1775. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
  • Ward, Matthew C. Breaking the Backcountry: The Seven Years' War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754-1765. University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003.

外部リンク[編集]