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{{short description|1996 American crewed spaceflight to support the Life and Microgravity Spacelab}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}} |
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{{Infobox spaceflight |
{{Infobox spaceflight |
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| name = STS-78 |
| name = STS-78 |
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| image = |
| image = |
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STS078-733-004 Columbia and Spacelab Module LM2.jpg |
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| image_caption = ''Columbia'' launches on mission STS-78 |
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| image_caption = Spacelab Module LM2 in ''Columbia''{{'s}} payload bay, serving as the Life and Microgravity Spacelab |
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| insignia = STS-78 patch.svg |
| insignia = STS-78 patch.svg |
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| orbits_completed = 271 |
| orbits_completed = 271 |
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| distance_travelled = {{convert|11000000|km}} |
| distance_travelled = {{convert|11000000|km}} |
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| mission_duration = 16 |
| mission_duration = 16{{nbsp}}days, 21{{nbsp}}hours, 48{{nbsp}}minutes, 30{{nbsp}}seconds |
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| launch_mass = |
| launch_mass = |
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| landing_mass = |
| landing_mass = |
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| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]] |
| launch_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|LC-39B]] |
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| launch_date = {{start-date| |
| launch_date = {{start-date|June 20, 1996, 14:49:00.0075|timezone=yes}} UTC |
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| landing_date = {{end-date| |
| landing_date = {{end-date|July 7, 1996, 12:37:30|timezone=yes}} UTC |
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| landing_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway 33]] |
| landing_site = [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy]] [[Shuttle Landing Facility|SLF Runway 33]] |
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| crew_size = 7 |
| crew_size = 7 |
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| crew_members = [[Terence T. Henricks]] |
| crew_members = {{Unbulleted list|[[Terence T. Henricks]]|[[Kevin R. Kregel]]|[[Richard M. Linnehan]]|[[Susan Helms]]|[[Charles E. Brady, Jr.]]|[[Jean-Jacques Favier]]|[[Robert Thirsk]]}} |
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| crew_photo = STS-78_crew.jpg |
| crew_photo = STS-78_crew.jpg |
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| crew_photo_caption = Left to right |
| crew_photo_caption = Left to right – Seated: Henricks, Kregel; Standing: Favier, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Thirsk |
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| apsis = gee |
| apsis = gee |
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| next_mission = [[STS-79]] |
| next_mission = [[STS-79]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''STS-78''' was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity [[Spacelab]] mission for the [[Space Shuttle program]], flown partly in preparation for the [[International Space Station]] project. The mission used the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'', which lifted off successfully from [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy Space |
'''STS-78''' was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity [[Spacelab]] mission for the [[Space Shuttle program]], flown partly in preparation for the [[International Space Station]] project. The mission used the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']], which lifted off successfully from [[Kennedy Space Center|Kennedy Space Center's]] [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39|Launch Pad 39B]] on June 20, 1996. This marked the 78th flight of the Space Shuttle and 20th mission for ''Columbia''. |
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==Crew== |
==Crew== |
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|position1 = Commander |
|position1 = Commander |
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|crew1_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Terence T. Henricks]] |
|crew1_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Terence T. Henricks]] |
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|flights1_up = Fourth |
|flights1_up = Fourth and last |
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|position2 = Pilot |
|position2 = Pilot |
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|crew2_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin R. Kregel]] |
|crew2_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Kevin R. Kregel]] |
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|flights3_up = First |
|flights3_up = First |
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|position4 = Mission Specialist 2 |
|position4 = Mission Specialist 2 |
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|crew4_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Susan |
|crew4_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Susan Helms]] |
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|flights4_up = Third |
|flights4_up = Third |
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|position5 = Mission Specialist 3 |
|position5 = Mission Specialist 3 |
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|crew5_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Charles E. Brady, Jr.]] |
|crew5_up ={{Flagicon|USA}} [[Charles E. Brady, Jr.]] |
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|flights5_up = Only |
|flights5_up = Only |
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|position6 = Payload Specialist 1 |
|position6 = Payload Specialist 1 |
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|crew6_up ={{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Jacques Favier]] |
|crew6_up ={{Flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Jacques Favier]] |
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|flights6_up = |
|flights6_up = Only |
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|agency6_up = [[CNES]] |
|agency6_up = [[CNES]] |
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|position7 = Payload Specialist 2 |
|position7 = Payload Specialist 2 |
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|crew7_up ={{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Robert |
|crew7_up ={{Flagicon|CAN}} [[Robert Thirsk]] |
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|flights7_up = First |
|flights7_up = First |
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|agency7_up = [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]] |
|agency7_up = [[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]] |
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==Mission objectives== |
==Mission objectives== |
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* Research into the effects of long |
* Research into the effects of long-duration spaceflight on human physiology in preparation for flights on the International Space Station. |
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* 22 life science |
* 22 life science and microgravity experiments using the Orbiter's pressurised Life & Microgravity Spacelab module (LM2). |
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* Tests into the use of the |
* Tests into the use of the Orbiter's [[Reaction control system|Reaction Control System]] jets to raise the altitude of orbiting satellites. |
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==Mission highlights== |
==Mission highlights== |
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[[File:STS-78 Launch.jpg|thumb|left|Launch of STS-78]] |
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During the 16-day, 21-hour mission, the crew of ''Columbia'' assisted in the preparations for the International Space Station by studying the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body in readiness for ISS Expeditions, and also carried out experiments similar to those now being carried out on the orbital station. |
During the 16-day, 21-hour mission, the crew of ''Columbia'' assisted in the preparations for the International Space Station by studying the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body in readiness for ISS Expeditions, and also carried out experiments similar to those now being carried out on the orbital station. |
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Following launch, ''Columbia'' climbed to an altitude of {{convert|278|km|mi|sp=us}} with an orbital inclination of 39° to the [[Earth|Earth's ]] [[equator]] to allow the seven-member flight crew to maintain the same sleep rhythms they were accustomed to on Earth and to reduce vibrations and directional forces that could have affected on-board microgravity experiments. |
Following launch, ''Columbia'' climbed to an altitude of {{convert|278|km|mi|sp=us}} with an orbital inclination of 39° to the [[Earth|Earth's ]] [[equator]] to allow the seven-member flight crew to maintain the same sleep rhythms they were accustomed to on Earth and to reduce vibrations and directional forces that could have affected on-board microgravity experiments. |
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Once in orbit, the crew entered the 40 |
Once in orbit, the crew entered the {{convert|40|ft|m}} long pressurized Spacelab module to commence over 40 science experiments to take place during the mission. Not only did these experiments make use of the module's laboratory, but also employed lockers in the middeck section of the orbiter. Thirteen of the experiments were dedicated to studying the effects of microgravity on the human body, whilst another six studied the behaviour of fluids and metals in the almost weightless environment and the production of metallic alloys and protein crystals. The crew also carried out the first ever comprehensive study of sleep patterns in microgravity, research into bone and muscle loss in space, and in-flight fixes to problem hardware on the Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU), designed to study fluid physics. |
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The mission also featured a test of a procedure that was later used during the second [[Hubble Space Telescope]] servicing mission to raise the |
The mission also featured a test of a procedure that was later used during the second [[Hubble Space Telescope]] servicing mission to raise the telescope's altitude without damaging the satellite's solar arrays. During the test, ''Columbia's'' vernier Reaction Control System jets were gently pulsed to boost the Shuttle's altitude without jarring any of the mission payloads. The test was successful, and was later employed by ''Discovery'' during [[STS-82]], and was used multiple times to boost the orbit of the ISS when docked with an orbiter. |
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== Mission anomaly == |
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The mission encountered no significant in-flight problems, was the 78th Space Shuttle mission, and the 20th mission for ''Columbia''. |
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Although the launch went without any issue, an issue was discovered with the [[Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster|solid rocket booster]]s (SRBs) following their disassembly in June post-recovery. Analysis showed worrying damage to the field joints which was likely caused by hot gases. Failure of booster seals on the lower sections of [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']]'s right SRB ultimately caused the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|orbiter to break up mid-flight]] in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://p4a.seas.gwu.edu/2019-Fall/challengerExplosion.html|title=A case study on turning data into information|website=EMSE6574: Fall 2019|publisher=George Washington University|last=Helveston|first=John Paul|date=Fall 2019|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|chapter-url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/rogersrep/v1ch4.htm|chapter=Chapter IV: The Cause of the Accident|title=Report of the PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident|website=National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)|access-date=15 June 2024|date=6 June 1986|author=Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident|author-link=Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> This time the issue did not compromise astronaut safety because the hot gas path traveled through the engines' field joints but not their capture joint (containing the infamous "O-ring" seals). Despite there being no issue with safety, it did raise questions about a new [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA)–mandated adhesive and cleaning fluid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americaspace.com/2016/06/18/man-im-here-20-years-since-the-record-setting-mission-of-sts-78-part-1/|title='Man, I'm Here': 20 Years Since the Record-Setting Mission of STS-78 (Part 1)|date=June 18, 2016|website=AmericaSpace|language=en-US|access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=prjuldelay>{{cite press release|url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1996/96-138.txt|title=NASA DELAYS LAUNCH OF SPACE SHUTTLE|date=12 July 1996|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223235229/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/1996/96-138.txt|archive-date=23 February 2010|website=NASA}}</ref> |
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Due to the issue, [[STS-79]] which was meant to dock with the [[Mir|Space Station ''Mir'']] and return astronaut [[Shannon Lucid]], was delayed.<ref name=prjuldelay/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/history/SP-4225/nasa2/nasa2.htm|title=NASA-2 Shannon Lucid: Enduring Qualities|website=Shuttle-Mir: The U.S. and Russia Share History's Highest Stage (CD-ROM edition)|publisher=NASA|access-date=15 June 2024|date=September 2001}}</ref> Options of returning Shannon on a Soyuz were considered,{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} but never followed through as the Shuttle was considered safe and able to return Shannon.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{Portal|Spaceflight}} |
{{Portal|Spaceflight}} |
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⚫ | |||
*[[Space science]] |
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*[[Space |
*[[List of Space Shuttle missions]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Outline of space science]] |
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*[[STS-80]] (17 day 8 hour Shuttle mission) |
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⚫ | |||
*[[STS-67]] (16 days 15 hour Shuttle mission) |
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*[[STS-73]] (15 days 21 hours Shuttle mission) |
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==References== |
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<references /> |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-78/mission-sts-78.html NASA mission summary] |
* [http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-78/mission-sts-78.html NASA mission summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513035515/https://science.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/missions/sts-78/mission-sts-78.html |date=May 13, 2021 }} |
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* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle78.htm STS-78 Video Highlights] |
* [http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle78.htm STS-78 Video Highlights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121182652/http://www.nss.org/resources/library/shuttlevideos/shuttle78.htm |date=January 21, 2012 }} |
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{{Include-NASA}} |
{{Include-NASA}} |
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{{Space Shuttle Columbia}} |
{{Space Shuttle Columbia}} |
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{{All U.S. Space Shuttle Missions}} |
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{{Orbital launches in 1996}} |
{{Orbital launches in 1996}} |
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![]()
Spacelab Module LM2 in Columbia's payload bay, serving as the Life and Microgravity Spacelab
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Mission type | Bioscience research Microgravity research |
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Operator | NASA |
COSPAR ID | 1996-036A ![]() |
SATCAT no. | 23931 |
Mission duration | 16 days, 21 hours, 48 minutes, 30 seconds |
Distance travelled | 11,000,000 kilometres (6,800,000 mi) |
Orbits completed | 271 |
Spacecraft properties | |
Spacecraft | Space Shuttle Columbia |
Payload mass | 9,649 kilograms (21,272 lb) |
Crew | |
Crew size | 7 |
Members |
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Start of mission | |
Launch date | June 20, 1996, 14:49:00.0075 (1996-06-20UTC14:49Z) UTC |
Launch site | Kennedy LC-39B |
End of mission | |
Landing date | July 7, 1996, 12:37:30 (1996-07-07UTC12:37:31Z) UTC |
Landing site | Kennedy SLF Runway 33 |
Orbital parameters | |
Reference system | Geocentric |
Regime | Low Earth |
Perigee altitude | 246 kilometres (153 mi) |
Apogee altitude | 261 kilometres (162 mi) |
Inclination | 39.0 degrees |
Period | 89.6 minutes |
![]() ![]() Left to right – Seated: Henricks, Kregel; Standing: Favier, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Thirsk
← STS-77
STS-79 →
|
STS-78 was the fifth dedicated Life and Microgravity Spacelab mission for the Space Shuttle program, flown partly in preparation for the International Space Station project. The mission used the Space Shuttle Columbia, which lifted off successfully from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Pad 39B on June 20, 1996. This marked the 78th flight of the Space Shuttle and 20th mission for Columbia.
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Commander | ![]() Fourth and last spaceflight | |
Pilot | ![]() Second spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 1 | ![]() First spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 2 | ![]() Third spaceflight | |
Mission Specialist 3 | ![]() Only spaceflight | |
Payload Specialist 1 | ![]() Only spaceflight | |
Payload Specialist 2 | ![]() First spaceflight |
Position | Astronaut | |
---|---|---|
Payload Specialist 1 | ![]() First spaceflight | |
Payload Specialist 2 | ![]() First spaceflight |
During the 16-day, 21-hour mission, the crew of Columbia assisted in the preparations for the International Space Station by studying the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body in readiness for ISS Expeditions, and also carried out experiments similar to those now being carried out on the orbital station.
Following launch, Columbia climbed to an altitude of 278 kilometers (173 mi) with an orbital inclination of 39° to the Earth's equator to allow the seven-member flight crew to maintain the same sleep rhythms they were accustomed to on Earth and to reduce vibrations and directional forces that could have affected on-board microgravity experiments.
Once in orbit, the crew entered the 40 feet (12 m) long pressurized Spacelab module to commence over 40 science experiments to take place during the mission. Not only did these experiments make use of the module's laboratory, but also employed lockers in the middeck section of the orbiter. Thirteen of the experiments were dedicated to studying the effects of microgravity on the human body, whilst another six studied the behaviour of fluids and metals in the almost weightless environment and the production of metallic alloys and protein crystals. The crew also carried out the first ever comprehensive study of sleep patterns in microgravity, research into bone and muscle loss in space, and in-flight fixes to problem hardware on the Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU), designed to study fluid physics.
The mission also featured a test of a procedure that was later used during the second Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission to raise the telescope's altitude without damaging the satellite's solar arrays. During the test, Columbia's vernier Reaction Control System jets were gently pulsed to boost the Shuttle's altitude without jarring any of the mission payloads. The test was successful, and was later employed by Discovery during STS-82, and was used multiple times to boost the orbit of the ISS when docked with an orbiter.
Although the launch went without any issue, an issue was discovered with the solid rocket boosters (SRBs) following their disassembly in June post-recovery. Analysis showed worrying damage to the field joints which was likely caused by hot gases. Failure of booster seals on the lower sections of Space Shuttle Challenger's right SRB ultimately caused the orbiter to break up mid-flight in 1986.[1][2] This time the issue did not compromise astronaut safety because the hot gas path traveled through the engines' field joints but not their capture joint (containing the infamous "O-ring" seals). Despite there being no issue with safety, it did raise questions about a new Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)–mandated adhesive and cleaning fluid.[3][4]
Due to the issue, STS-79 which was meant to dock with the Space Station Mir and return astronaut Shannon Lucid, was delayed.[4][5] Options of returning Shannon on a Soyuz were considered,[citation needed] but never followed through as the Shuttle was considered safe and able to return Shannon.[citation needed]
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Space Shuttle Columbia (OV-102)
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). |