| Bahing | |
|---|---|
| Region | Nepal |
| Ethnicity | Bahing |
Native speakers | 12,000 (2011 census)[1] |
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| Official status | |
Official language in | Nepal |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bhj |
| Glottolog | bahi1252 |
| ELP | Bahing |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Bahing (also known as Paiwa, Dungmowa, Rukhusalu, Waripsawa, Timriwa, Dhimriwa, Nayango, Dhayango, Khaliwa/Khaluwa, Rendukpa/Rendu, Rungbu[2]) is a language spoken by 14449 people (census 2021) of the Bahing ethnic groupinNepal.[3] It belongs to the family of Kiranti languages, a subgroup of Sino-Tibetan.
The group Rumdali is also known as Nechali among some of them.
Ethnologue lists the following alternate names for Bahing: Baying, Ikke lo, Kiranti-Bahing, Pai Lo, Radu lo. Procha lo
Bahing is spoken in the following locations of Nepal (Ethnologue).
According to Ethnologue, Bahing consists of the Rumdali, Nechali, Tolacha, Moblocha, and Hangu dialects, with 85% or above intelligibility among all dialects.
The Bahing language was described by Brian Houghton Hodgson (1857, 1858) as having a very complex verbal morphology. By the 1970s, only vestiges were left, making Bahing a case study of grammatical attrition and language death.
Bahing and the related Khaling language have synchronic ten-vowel systems. The difference of [mərə] "monkey" vs. [mɯrɯ] "human being" is difficult to perceive for speakers of even neighboring dialects, which makes for "an unlimited source of fun to the Bahing people" (de Boer 2002 PDF).
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | unrounded | unrounded | rounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| High | i ⟨इ⟩ | iː ⟨इः⟩ | ɯ ⟨उ़⟩ | ɯː ⟨उ़ः⟩ | u ⟨उ⟩ | uː ⟨उः⟩ | ||
| High-mid | e ⟨ए⟩ | eː ⟨एः⟩ | ɤ ⟨ओ़⟩ | ɤː ⟨ओ़ः⟩ | o ⟨ओ⟩ | oː ⟨ओः⟩ | ||
| Low-mid | ɛ ⟨ए़⟩ | ʌ ⟨अ⟩ | ʌː ⟨अः⟩ | |||||
| Low | ä ⟨आ⟩ | äː ⟨आः⟩ | ||||||
| Bilabial | Dental | Apico- alveolar |
Lamino- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨म⟩ | n ⟨न⟩ | ŋ ⟨ङ⟩ | ||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
implosive | ɓ ⟨ळ⟩ | |||||||
| voiceless | unaspirated | p ⟨प⟩ | t̪ ⟨त⟩ | t ⟨ट⟩ | t͡s ⟨च⟩ | k ⟨क⟩ | ʔ | ||
| aspirated | pʰ ⟨फ⟩ | t̪ʰ ⟨थ⟩ | tʰ ⟨ठ⟩ | t͡sʰ ⟨छ⟩ | kʰ ⟨ख⟩ | ||||
| voiced | unaspirated | b ⟨ब⟩ | d̪ ⟨द⟩ | d ⟨ड⟩ | d͡z ⟨ज⟩ | ɡ ⟨ग⟩ | |||
| aspirated | bʱ ⟨भ⟩ | d̪ʱ ⟨ध⟩ | dʱ ⟨ढ⟩ | d͡zʱ ⟨झ⟩ | ɡʱ ⟨घ⟩ | ||||
| Fricative | s ⟨स⟩ | ɦ ⟨ह⟩ | |||||||
| Trill | r ⟨र⟩ | ||||||||
| Lateral | l ⟨ल⟩ | ||||||||
| Approximant | w ⟨व⟩ | j ⟨य⟩ | |||||||
Hodgson (1857) reported a middle voice formed by a suffix -s(i) added to the verbal stem, corresponding to reflexives in other Kiranti languages.
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Sino-Tibetan branches
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) |
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| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings |
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| Proto-languages |
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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| Limbu |
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| Western |
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| Central |
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| Eastern |
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| Dhimalish |
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see also: Mahakiranti languages | |
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| Official language |
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Authority control databases: National  |
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