Greider is dyslexic and states that her "compensatory skills also played a role in my success as a scientist because one has to intuit many different things that are going on at the same time and apply those to a particular problem".[6] Greider initially suspected her dyslexia after seeing patterns of common mistakes such as backward words when she received back graded work in the first grade.[7] Greider started to memorize words and their spellings rather than attempting to sound out the spelling of words.[6] Greider has worked significantly to overcome her dyslexia to become successful in her professional life and credits her dyslexia as helping her appreciate differences and making unusual decisions such as the one to work with Tetrahymena, an unusual organism.[6]
Greider completed her Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1987 at Berkeley under Elizabeth Blackburn. While at Berkeley, Greider and Blackburn discovered how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase.[8]
Greider joined Blackburn's laboratory in April 1984 looking for the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra DNA bases to the ends of chromosomes. Without the extra bases, which are added as repeats of a six-base pair motif, chromosomes are shortened during DNA replication, eventually resulting in chromosome deterioration and senescence or cancer-causing chromosome fusion. Blackburn and Greider looked for the enzyme in the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila, a fresh-water protozoan with a large number of telomeres.[9]
On December 25, 1984, Greider first obtained results indicating that a particular enzyme was likely responsible. After six months of additional research, Greider and Blackburn concluded that it was the enzyme responsible for telomere addition. They published their findings in the journal Cell in December 1985.[10] The enzyme, originally called "telomere terminal transferase," is now known as telomerase. Telomerase rebuilds the tips of chromosomes and determines the life span of cells.[11]
Greider's additional research to confirm her discovery was largely focused on identifying the mechanism that telomerase uses for elongation.[12] Greider chose to use RNA degrading enzymes and saw that the telomeres stopped extending, which was an indication that RNA was involved in the enzyme.[12]
Greider then started her own laboratory as a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Fellow, and also held a faculty position, at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, New York. Greider continued to study Tetrahymena telomerase, cloning the gene encoding the RNA component and demonstrating that it provided the template for the TTGGGG telomere repeats (1989)[13] as well as establishing that telomerase is processive (1991).[14] She was also able to reconstitute Tetrahymena telomerase in vitro (1994)[15] and define the mechanisms of template utilization (1995).[16] Greider also worked with Calvin Harley to show that telomere shortening underlies cellular senescence (1990).[17][18] To further test this idea mouse and human telomerase were characterized (1993)[19] (1995)[20] and the mouse telomerase RNA component was cloned (1995).[21]
During this time, Greider, in collaboration with Ronald A. DePinho, produced the first telomerase knockout mouse,[22] showing that although telomerase is dispensable for life, increasingly short telomeres result in various deleterious phenotypes, colloquially referred to as premature aging.[23] In the mid-1990s, Greider was recruited by Michael D. West, founder of biotechnology company Geron (now CEO of AgeX Therapeutics) to join the company's Scientific Advisory Board[24] and remained on the Board until 1997.
Greider accepted a faculty position at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1997. Greider continued to study telomerase deficient mice and saw that her sixth generation of mice had become entirely sterile,[25] but when mated with control mice the telomerase deficient mice were able to regenerate their telomeres.[12][26] Greider continued to work on telomerase biochemistry, defining the secondary structure (2000) [27] and template boundary (2003)[28] of vertebrate telomerase RNA as well as analyzing the pseudoknot structure in human telomerase RNA (2005).[29] In addition to working in Tetrahymena and mammalian systems, Greider also studied telomeres and telomerase in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, further characterizing the recombination-based gene conversion mechanism that yeast cells null for telomerase use to maintain telomeres (1999)[30] (2001).[31] Greider also showed that short telomeres elicit a DNA damage response in yeast (2003).[32]
Greider served as director of and professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins Medicine.[11] Greider was first promoted to Daniel Nathans Professor at the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics in 2004.[35]
As of 2021, she is a professor of molecular, cellular, and developmental biology at UCSC.[citation needed]
Greider's lab employs both student and post-doctoral trainees[36] to further examine the relationships between the biology of telomeres and their connection to disease.[35] Greider's lab uses a variety of tools including yeast, mice, and biochemistry to look at progressive telomere shortening.[37] Greider's lab is also researching how tumor reformation can be controlled by the presence of short telomeres.[37] The lab's future work will focus more on identifying the processing and regulation of telomeres and telomere elongation.[37]
^Lee, Han-Woong; Blasco, Maria A.; Gottlieb, Geoffrey J.; Horner, James W.; Greider, Carol W.; DePinho, Ronald A. (April 1998). "Essential role of mouse telomerase in highly proliferative organs". Nature. 392 (6676): 569–574. Bibcode:1998Natur.392..569L. doi:10.1038/33345. PMID9560153. S2CID4385788.
^NAS OnlineArchived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ("For her pioneering biochemical and genetic studies of telomerase, the enzyme that maintains the ends of chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.")
