| Mono | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Region | Northwestern corner of Congo (DRC) |
Native speakers | (65,000 cited 1984 census)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | mnh |
| Glottolog | mono1270 |
| ELP | Mono (Democratic Republic of the Congo) |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Mono is a language spoken by about 65,000 people[2] in the northwestern corner of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is one of the Banda languages, a subbranch of the Ubangian branch of the Niger–Congo languages. It has five dialects: Bili, Bubanda, Mpaka, Galaba, and Kaga.
Mono has 33 consonant phonemes, including three labial-velar stops (/k͡p/, /ɡ͡b/, and prenasalized /ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b/), an asymmetrical eight-vowel system, and a labiodental flap /ⱱ/ (allophonically a bilabial flap [ⱳ]) that contrasts with both /v/ and /w/. It is a tonal language.
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Labial- Velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
Voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʃ ⟨tsh⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | k͡p ⟨kp⟩ | ʔ ⟨'⟩ |
| Voiced | b ⟨b⟩ | d ⟨d⟩ | dʒ ⟨dj⟩ | g ⟨g⟩ | ɡ͡b ⟨gb⟩ | ||
| Prenasalized | ᵐb ⟨mb⟩ | ⁿd ⟨nd⟩ | ⁿdʒ ⟨ndj⟩ | ᵑɡ ⟨ng⟩ | ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b ⟨ngb⟩ | ||
| Implosive | ɓ ⟨'b⟩ | ɗ ⟨'d⟩ | |||||
| Fricative | Voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨sh⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ʒ ⟨j⟩ | ||||
| Trill/Tap | ⱱ ~ ⱱ̟ ⟨vw⟩ | r ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | l ⟨l⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨w⟩ | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ⟨i⟩ | ɨ ⟨ɨ⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ |
| Close-mid | e ⟨e⟩ | ə ⟨œ⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ |
| Open-mid | ɔ ⟨ɔ⟩ | ||
| Open | a ⟨a⟩ |
| High | Mid | Low | |
|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | ˥ ⟨á⟩ | ˧ ⟨ā⟩ | ˩ ⟨à⟩ |
| Description | High Level | Mid Level | Low Level |
| Transcription | á | a | à |
| Example | áwá ⟨áwá⟩ | āwā ⟨awa⟩ | àwà ⟨àwà⟩ |
| English Meaning | "diarrhea" | "road" | "fear" |
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| Official language |
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| National languages |
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| Indigenous languages (byprovince) |
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| Sign languages |
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