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Robert Samuel Langer, Jr.
Langer in 2008
Born (1948-08-29 ) August 29, 1948 (age 75 ) Other names Bob Langer[2] Alma mater Cornell University (BSc )Massachusetts Institute of Technology (ScD )Known for Controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering Awards Gairdner Foundation International Award (1996) Charles Stark Draper Prize (2002) John Fritz Medal (2003) Harvey Prize (2003) Heinz Award (2004) Albany Medical Center Prize (2005) National Medal of Science (2006) Millennium Technology Prize (2008) Prince of Asturias Award (2008) National Medal of Technology and Innovation (2011) Perkin Medal (2012) Wilhelm Exner Medal (2012) Priestley Medal (2012) Wolf Prize in Chemistry (2013) IRI Medal (2013) Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences (2014) Kyoto Prize (2014) Biotechnology Heritage Award (2014) FREng [1] (2010) Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering (2015) Kabiller Prize in Nanoscience and Nanomedicine (2017) Medal of Science (Portugal) (2020) BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards (2021) Balzan Prize (2022) Scientific career Fields Chemical Engineering Biotechnology Pharmaceuticals Business Institutions Massachusetts Institute of Technology Doctoral advisor Clark K. Colton Other academic advisors Judah Folkman Doctoral students W. Mark Saltzman , Erin Lavik , Steven R. Little , Elazer R. Edelman , David J. Mooney , Samir Mitragotri , Mark Prausnitz , Ali Khademhosseini Other notable students Ronald A. Siegel , Kristi Anseth , David Edwards (engineer) , Jennifer Elisseeff , Omid Cameron Farokhzad , Linda Griffith , Guadalupe Hayes-Mota , Jeffrey Karp , Cato Laurencin , Christine E. Schmidt , Robert J. Linhardt , Antonios Mikos , Gordana Vunjak-Novakovic , David Berry , Isaac Berzin , Kathryn Uhrich , Joseph Kost , Akhilesh K. Gaharwar , Molly Stevens , Princess Imoukhuede ,
Guillermo Ameer , Canan Dağdeviren , Laura Niklason , María José Alonso , Jennifer Elisseeff , Kaitlyn Sadtler , Shiva Ayyadurai
Robert Samuel Langer Jr. FREng [1] Institute Professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology .[3]
He was formerly the Germeshausen Professor of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and maintains activity in the Department of Chemical Engineering and the Department of Biological Engineering at MIT. He is also a faculty member of the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology and the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research .
Langer holds over 1,400 granted or pending patents.[4] h-index is now (according to Google Scholar , 2023-09-16) 320 with currently over 413,000 citations.[5] biotechnology , especially in the fields of drug delivery systems and tissue engineering .[4] [6] [7]
He is the most cited engineer in history[8] [9] Moderna .
Langer's research laboratory at MIT is the largest biomedical engineering lab in the world; maintaining over $10 million in annual grants and over 100 researchers.[10]
Background and personal life [ edit ]
Langer was born August 29, 1948, in Albany, New York .
He is an alumnus of The Milne School and received his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in chemical engineering. He earned his Sc.D. in chemical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. His dissertation was entitled "Enzymatic regeneration of ATP" and completed under the direction of Clark K. Colton. From 1974–1977 he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Children's Hospital Boston and at Harvard Medical School under Judah Folkman .[11]
Contributions to medicine and biotechnology [ edit ]
Langer is widely regarded for his contributions to medicine and biotechnology .[12] [13] [14] [15]
Langer worked with Judah Folkman at Boston Children's Hospital to isolate the first angiogenesis inhibitor, a macromolecule to block the spread of blood vessels in tumors.[12] [16] polymer system that could be implanted in the tumor and control the release of the inhibitor. He eventually invented polymer systems that would work. This discovery is considered to lay the foundation for much of today's drug delivery technology.[12] [17]
Langer also worked with Henry Brem of the Johns Hopkins University Medical School on a drug-delivery system for the treatment of brain cancer, to deliver chemotherapy directly to a tumor site. The wafer implants that he and his teams have designed have become increasingly more sophisticated, and can now deliver multiple drugs, and respond to stimuli.[18] [19] [20] quantum dot dye that is delivered, along with a vaccine , by a microneedle patch ."[19]
Langer is regarded as the founder of tissue engineering in regenerative medicine .[21] blood vessels and vascularized engineered muscle tissue .[22] [23] [18] [24] [25]
Langer is involved in several projects related to diabetes .[26] type 1 diabetes by shielding insulin -producing beta cells from immune system attacks.[27] [28] insulin to people with type 1 diabetes.[29] [30]
Awards and honors [ edit ]
Langer is the youngest person in history (at 43) to be elected to all three American science academies: the National Academy of Sciences , the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Medicine . He was also elected as a charter member of National Academy of Inventors .[31] Fellow [1] Royal Academy of Engineering [1]
Langer has received more than 220 major awards. He is one of three living individuals to have received both the U.S. National Medal of Science and the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.[32]
He has received numerous other awards, including the 10th Annual Heinz Award in the category of Technology, the Economy and Employment (2003),[38] [74] IRI Medal alongside long-time friend George M. Whitesides for outstanding accomplishments in technological innovation that have contributed broadly to the development of industry and the benefit of society.[75] [76] Rusnano prize that year.[77]
Langer has honorary degrees from 41 universities from around the world including Harvard, Yale, and Columbia University.[78]
Business ventures [ edit ]
Langer has been involved in the founding of many companies,[79] Polaris Partners .[2] [80]
AIR[2]
Arsenal Medical
Arsia (acquired by Eagle Pharmaceuticals)
BIND Therapeutics (acquired by Pfizer)
Tarveda Therapeutics (formerly Blend Therapeutics)
Sontra Medical (acquired by Echo Therapeutics)
Enzytech (acquired by Alkermes)
Tissium (formerly Gecko Biomedical)[81]
InVivo Therapeutics
Kala
Landsdowne Labs
Lindus Health[82]
Living Proof[83]
Lyra Therapeutics[2]
Lyndra Therapeutics
Microchips Biotech (acquired by Dare)
Moderna
Momenta (acquired by Johnson and Johnson )
Olivo Labs (acquired by Shisheido)
Pervasis (acquired by Shire Pharmaceuticals )[84]
Pulmatrix
PureTech
Selecta Biosciences
Semprus Biosciences (acquired by Teleflex )[85]
Seventh Sense
SQZ Biotech[86]
Soufflé Therapeutics Inc.
Taris (acquired by Johnson and Johnson )
Transform (acquired by Johnson and Johnson )[87]
T2Biosystems
Frequency Therapeutics
Sigilon Therapeutics
Seer Bio
Langer is a member of the Advisory Board of Patient Innovation , a nonprofit, international, multilingual, free venue for patients and caregivers of any disease to share their innovations.[88] Xconomy .[89]
References [ edit ]
^ a b c d Mcguire, Terry (July 1, 2019). "The Many Shades Of VC/Repeat Entrepreneur Relationships" . Life Science Leader . Pennsylvania, United States: VertMarkets.
^ Seligson, Hannah (November 24, 2012). "Hatching Ideas, and Companies, by the Dozens at M.I.T." New York Times . Retrieved November 26, 2012 . A chemical engineer by training, Dr. Langer has helped start 25 companies and has 811 patents, issued or pending, to his name. ...
^ a b Robert S. Langer publications indexed by Google Scholar
^ "Robert Langer" . scholar.google.com . Retrieved September 16, 2023 .
^ "1040 Highly Cited Researchers (h>100) according to their Google Scholar Citations public profiles" . Retrieved May 25, 2016 .
^ a b Shukman, David (February 3, 2015). "Drug-delivery pioneer wins £1m engineering prize" . BBC News Science & Environment . Retrieved February 3, 2015 .
^ Gura, T. (2014). "The art of entrepreneurship" . Science . 346 (6213): 1146. Bibcode :2014Sci...346.1146G . doi :10.1126/science.346.6213.1146 PMID 25430772 .
^ "Highly Cited Researchers – 2024" . World Scientist and University Rankings – AD Scientific Index 2024 .
^ O'Neill, Kathryn M. (July 20, 2006). "Colleagues honor Langer for 30 years of innovation" . MIT News . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "Robert S. Langer, Sc.D." Academy of Achievement .
^ a b c Pearson, Helen (March 4, 2009). "Profile: Being Bob Langer" . Nature . 458 (7234): 22–24. doi :10.1038/458022a PMID 19262647 .
^ Mitragotri, S; Blankschtein, D; Langer, R (1995). "Ultrasound-mediated transdermal protein delivery". Science . 269 (5225): 850–3. Bibcode :1995Sci...269..850M . doi :10.1126/science.7638603 . PMID 7638603 . S2CID 26069484 .
^ Kost, J; Mitragotri, S; Gabbay, RA; Pishko, M; Langer, R (2000). "Transdermal monitoring of glucose and other analytes using ultrasound". Nature Medicine . 6 3 ): 347–50. doi :10.1038/73213 . PMID 10700240 . S2CID 31949252 .
^ Langer, Robert; Folkman, Judah (October 1976). "Polymers for the sustained release of proteins and other macromolecules". Nature . 263 (5580): 797–800. Bibcode :1976Natur.263..797L . doi :10.1038/263797a0 . PMID 995197 . S2CID 4210402 .
^ Cooke, Robert; Koop, C Everett (2001). Dr. Folkman's War: Angiogenesis and the Struggle to Defeat Cancer. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50244-6 .
^ National Academy of Science report Beyond Discovery: Polymer and People 1999
^ a b "Robert S. Langer" . Science History Institute . June 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2018 .
^ a b Trafton, Anne (December 18, 2019). "Storing medical information below the skin's surface" . MIT News.
^ Jaklenec, Ana; McHugh, Kevin J.; Langer, Robert S. "Microneedle tattoo patches and use thereof" . No. US20190015650A1. US Patent and Trademark Office.
^ Schilling, David Russell (February 15, 2013). "Langer Profile. Engineering Synthetic Skin" . Industry Tap into News . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Niklason, LE; Gao, J; Abbott, WM; Hirschi, KK; Houser, S; Marini, R; Langer, R (1999). "Functional arteries grown in vitro". Science . 284 (5413): 489–93. Bibcode :1999Sci...284..489N . doi :10.1126/science.284.5413.489 . PMID 10205057 .
^ Levenberg, S; Rouwkema, J; MacDonald, M; Garfein, ES; Kohane, DS; Darland, DC; Marini, R; Van Blitterswijk, CA; et al. (2005). "Engineering vascularized skeletal muscle tissue" (PDF) . Nature Biotechnology . 23 7 ): 879–84. doi :10.1038/nbt1109 . PMID 15965465 . S2CID 28136064 .
^ Vacanti, Joseph P; Langer, Robert (July 1999). "Tissue engineering: the design and fabrication of living replacement devices for surgical reconstruction and transplantation" . The Lancet . 354 : S32–S34. doi :10.1016/s0140-6736(99 )90247-7 . PMID 10437854 . S2CID 33614316 . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Freed, Lisa E.; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Biron, Robert J.; Eagles, Dana B.; Lesnoy, Daniel C.; Barlow, Sandra K.; Langer, Robert (July 1994). "Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering". Bio/Technology . 12 7 ): 689–693. doi :10.1038/nbt0794-689 . PMID 7764913 . S2CID 22968473 .
^ Schaffer, Amanda. "Engineering Drug Delivery and Tissue Growth" . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved March 21, 2019 .
^ "Potential diabetes treatment advances" . Harvard Gazette . January 25, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2019 .
^ Anderson, Daniel G.; Langer, Robert; Melton, Douglas A.; Weir, Gordon C.; Greiner, Dale L.; Oberholzer, Jose; Hollister-Lock, Jennifer; Bochenek, Matthew A.; McGarrigle, James J. (January 25, 2016). "Long-term glycemic control using polymer-encapsulated human stem cell–derived beta cells in immune-competent mice" . Nature Medicine . 22 3 ): 306–311. doi :10.1038/nm.4030 . ISSN 1546-170X . PMC 4825868 PMID 26808346 .
^ "New pill can deliver insulin" . MIT News . February 7, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019 .
^ "Researchers develop a drug capsule that could be used to deliver oral doses of insulin" . TechGenYZ . February 9, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019 .
^ Lowry, Judy (January 8, 2013). "National Academy of Inventors congratulates NAI Fellows Robert Langer and Leroy Hood, and NAI Member James Wynne on receiving U.S. National Medals" . USF Research News . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ a b "Biotechnology Heritage Award" . Science History Institute . Retrieved February 21, 2018 .
^ "R.S. Langer to receive 1996 Gairdner Award" . MIT News . January 24, 1996. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "Half Million Dollar Lemelson-MIT Prize Winner Announced" . Lemelson-MIT. April 15, 1998. Archived from the original on March 6, 2003. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "Past Winners of the Othmer Gold Medal" . Science History Institute. May 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2018 .
^ "Robert S. Langer Receives 2002 Charles Stark Draper Prize from National Academy of Engineering". Journal of Investigative Medicine . 50 3 ): 159–160. 2002. doi :10.2310/6650.2002.33415 . S2CID 219540335 .
^ "Robert S. Langer, Sc.D. Biography and Interview" . www.achievement.org . American Academy of Achievement .
^ a b "MIT's Langer wins two prestigious prizes" . MIT News . December 2, 2003. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "Laureates 2005: Robert Langer" . Dan David Prize. Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ McGarry, Greg (April 29, 2005). "MIT Researcher and Albany Native Who Pioneered New Methods for Drug Delivery Named Recipient of America's Top Prize in Medicine" . Albany Medical Center. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ National Medal of Science 2006
^ "Max Planck Research Award" . Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ "PRINCE OF ASTURIAS AWARD FOR TECHNICAL & SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH 2008" . Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ Lau, Thomas (June 11, 2008). "2008 Millennium Technology Prize Awarded to Professor Robert Langer for Intelligent Drug Delivery" . European Science Foundation . Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "And the winners were…" . The Economist . December 3, 2011. Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "2011 recipients" . Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ "Past Perkin Medalists" . SCI America . Retrieved February 21, 2018 .
^ "Biopolymer innovator Robert Langer receives 2012 Perkin Medal" . SCI. November 8, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2014 .
^ "SCI Perkin Medal" . Science History Institute . Retrieved March 24, 2018 .
^ Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
^ Ritter, Steve (2011). "Robert Langer Named Priestley Medalist" . Chemical & Engineering News 89 24 ): 7. doi :10.1021/cen-v089n024.p007 .
^ Landergan, Katherine (January 4, 2013). "M.I.T. professor to be honored by President Obama" . MIT . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "Two MIT professors win prestigious Wolf Prize Michael Artin and Robert Langer honored for groundbreaking work in mathematics and chemistry" . MIT News . January 4, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "Laureates: 2014" . Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences.
^ Kaufman, Melanie Miller. "Robert Langer wins 2014 Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences" . MIT News . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "MIT biomedical engineer Robert Langer wins $500,000 Kyoto Prize" . The Boston Globe
^ "QEPrize Winner 2015 – Robert Langer" . Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2015 .
^ "Entrepreneurship at Cornell" . Retrieved August 20, 2015 .
^ "The Scheele Symposium 2015" . Läkemedelsakademin . Archived from the original on November 28, 2015. Retrieved November 18, 2016 .
^ Administrator. "Kazemi Prize 2015 Will Be Awarded to Professor Robert S. Langer – Royan Institute" . www.royaninstitute.org . Retrieved January 5, 2018 .
^ "Robert S. Langer" . ASME. Retrieved June 6, 2017 .
^ "Robert Langer (USA)" . www.epo.org . Retrieved May 11, 2021 .
^ "The 2016 Franklin Institute Awards Laureates | MIT Department of Biological Engineering" . be.mit.edu . Retrieved January 5, 2018 .
^ "Kabiller Prize & Award" .
^ Huggett, Brady; Paisner, Kathryn (December 8, 2017). "Top 20 translational researchers of 2016". Nature Biotechnology . 35 12 ): 1126. doi :10.1038/nbt.4028 . PMID 29220038 . S2CID 205285596 .
^ Huggett, Brady; Paisner, Kathryn (2018). "Top 20 translational researchers of 2017" . Nature Biotechnology . 36 9 ): 798. doi :10.1038/nbt.4237 PMID 30188525 .
^ a b "School of Engineering third quarter 2018 awards" . MIT News . October 19, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2019 .
^ "2019 Honorees" . The Hope Funds for Cancer Research . May 19, 2019. Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
^ "Welcome" . Retrieved October 23, 2019 .
^ "Robert Langer, 2019 | Dreyfus Foundation" . Retrieved July 19, 2019 .
^ "Maurice-Marie JANOT Award – APGI" . www.apgi.org/ . Retrieved September 21, 2020 .
^ BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards 2021
^ "I vincitori dei Premi Balzan 2022" . September 12, 2022.
^ "Robert Langer" . The Heinz Awards. Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Wang, Linda (May 28, 2013). "Industrial Research Institute Medal Awarded To Robert S. Langer And George M. Whitesides" . Chemical & Engineering News . Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "IRI to recognize George Whitesides, Robert Langer with top award" . R&D Magazine . April 17, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2014 .
^ "Langer receives 2013 Rusnano prize" . Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014 .
^ "Langer Lab: Professor Robert Langer" . MIT. Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Huang, Gregory T. (April 19, 2011). "The Bob Langer and Polaris Family Tree: From Acusphere to Momenta to Visterra" . Xconomy . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Prokesch, Steven T. (March–April 2017). "The Edison of Medicine" . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved March 27, 2017 .
^ Farrell, Michael B. (December 10, 2013). "MIT's Robert Langer has another startup" . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ Malloy, Shawn. (January 25, 2023). "Robert S. Langer, Co-Founder of Moderna, Joins Lindus Health's Advisory Board" . PR Newswire . Retrieved January 25, 2023 .
^ Jones, Vanessa E. (April 2, 2009). "Call him the frizz fighter" . The Boston Globe . Retrieved February 6, 2014 .
^ "Shire picks up Pervasis in potential $200M deal" . Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ Gormley, Brian (June 26, 2012). "Semprus BioSciences Acquired by Teleflex for Up To $80M in Cash, Milestones" . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ "SQZ Biotech – Board of Directors" . Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014 .
^ "Johnson & Johnson Completes Acquisition of TransForm Pharmaceuticals, Inc" . Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2014 .
^ "Who we are | Patient Innovation" . March 26, 2014.
^ "About Our Mission, Team, and Editorial Ethics" . Xconomy . Retrieved January 2, 2018 .
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2021: Katalin Karikó , Drew Weissman , Philip Felgner , Uğur Şahin , Özlem Türeci , Derrick Rossi , and Sarah Gilbert
2022: Geoffrey Hinton , Yann LeCun , Yoshua Bengio , and Demis Hassabis
2023: Jeffrey I. Gordon , Everett Peter Greenberg , and Bonnie Bassler
2024: Daniel J. Drucker , Jeffrey M. Friedman , Joel F. Habener , Jens Juul Holst , and Svetlana Mojsov
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R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Langer&oldid=1225866477 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● 1 9 4 8 b i r t h s ● L i v i n g p e o p l e ● 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n b u s i n e s s p e o p l e ● 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n c h e m i s t s ● 2 0 t h - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n i n v e n t o r s ● 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n b u s i n e s s p e o p l e ● 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n c h e m i s t s ● 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n i n v e n t o r s ● 2 1 s t - c e n t u r y A m e r i c a n J e w s ● A m e r i c a n c h e m i c a l e n g i n e e r s ● A m e r i c a n m e d i a e x e c u t i v e s ● A m e r i c a n t e c h n o l o g y c h i e f e x e c u t i v e s ● A m e r i c a n t e c h n o l o g y c o m p a n y f o u n d e r s ● B i o t e c h n o l o g i s t s ● B u s i n e s s p e o p l e f r o m N e w Y o r k ( s t a t e ) ● B u s i n e s s p e o p l e i n t h e p h a r m a c e u t i c a l i n d u s t r y ● C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y C o l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g a l u m n i ● D r a p e r P r i z e w i n n e r s ● F e l l o w s o f t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e f o r M e d i c a l a n d B i o l o g i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ● F e l l o w s o f t h e B i o m e d i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g S o c i e t y ● H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y f a c u l t y ● J e w i s h A m e r i c a n s c i e n t i s t s ● J e w i s h c h e m i s t s ● J e w i s h e n g i n e e r s ● K y o t o l a u r e a t e s i n A d v a n c e d T e c h n o l o g y ● L e m e l s o n – M I T P r i z e ● M I T S c h o o l o f E n g i n e e r i n g a l u m n i ● M I T S c h o o l o f E n g i n e e r i n g f a c u l t y ● M e m b e r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f M e d i c i n e ● M e m b e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s ● M e m b e r s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l A c a d e m y o f E n g i n e e r i n g ● M o d e r n a p e o p l e ● N a t i o n a l M e d a l o f S c i e n c e l a u r e a t e s ● P e o p l e f r o m A l b a n y , N e w Y o r k ● S c i e n t i s t s f r o m N e w Y o r k ( s t a t e ) ● W i n n e r s o f T h e E c o n o m i s t i n n o v a t i o n a w a r d s ● W o l f P r i z e i n C h e m i s t r y l a u r e a t e s ● B e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n M e d a l ( F r a n k l i n I n s t i t u t e ) l a u r e a t e s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n i s d i f f e r e n t f r o m W i k i d a t a ● U s e m d y d a t e s f r o m O c t o b e r 2 0 2 1 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h h C a r d s ● B L P a r t i c l e s l a c k i n g s o u r c e s f r o m S e p t e m b e r 2 0 2 3 ● A l l B L P a r t i c l e s l a c k i n g s o u r c e s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h F A S T i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h I S N I i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h V I A F i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h W o r l d C a t E n t i t i e s i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h B I B S Y S i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h B N F i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h B N F d a t a i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h C A N T I C N i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h G N D i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h J 9 U i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h L C C N i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h N D L i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h N K C i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h N T A i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h P L W A B N i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h C I N I I i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h G o o g l e S c h o l a r i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h M G P i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h O R C I D i d e n t i f i e r s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h S U D O C i d e n t i f i e r s
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 2 7 M a y 2 0 2 4 , a t 0 5 : 4 6 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w ●
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