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アル=ナフダ

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

 (:النهضة / : an-Nahah;""  "") 1920

1798 西



19

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1801-18731826西 1830107 1834Takhlisal-ibriz fi Talkhis Bariz


[]


1819-1893181919 退 18601863)

西西 西

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1820-1890 西 18591882 西

[]

[]


1839-1897

taqlid تقلد1924

1849-1905

退 1865-1935


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1920 1865 19 19141888-1956192519 使 1883-1931

1923西the prophet -al-Rabita al-Qalamiyya)1898-1989 (1889-1973)1950el-Ayyam

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16101734173418991821貿1875187519004015

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使 1819-8319西Matnal-Lugha"Lisan al -arab"13

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18761839-76 西 調

出典[編集]

1. Stephen Sheehi, Foundations of Modern Arab Identity. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2004 [1]

2. ^ a b Ansari, Abdul Latif (2010). Thoughts and Ideologies of Mikhail Nu'aima, the Mahjar Poet in the development of Modern Arabic Poetry; A critical study. https://hdl.handle.net/10603/116505: Shodhganja. pp. Chapter 1.

3. ^ "Histories of the Modern Middle East". laits.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2017-09-27.

4. ^ Adnan A. Musallam, Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of The Ottoman Era Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

5. ^ Peter Gran, "Tahtawi in Paris Archived 19 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine," Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Issue No.568, 10–16 January 2002.

6. ^ Stephen Sheehi, "Butrus al-Bustani: Syria's Ideologue of the Age," in "The Origins of Syrian Nationhood: Histories, Pioneers, and Identity", edited by Adel Bishara. London: Routledge, 2011,

もっと読む[編集]

• Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, New York: Warner Books, 1991. (ISBN 0-446-39392-4)

• Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

• Karen Armstrong, The Battle for God, New York City, 2000.

• Samir Kassir, Considérations sur le malheur arabe, Paris, 2004.

• Stephen Sheehi, Foundations of Modern Arab Identity, University Press of Florida, 2004.

• Fruma Zachs and Sharon Halevi, From Difa Al-Nisa to Masalat Al-Nisa in greater Syria: Readers and writers debate women and their rights, 1858–1900. International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 4 (2009): 615 – 633.

外部リンク[編集]