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{{Expand Portuguese|Língua terena|date=May 2022}} |
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{{Short description|Arawakan language of Brazil}} |
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{{hatnote|Terena may also refer to [[TERENA]]}} |
{{hatnote|Terena may also refer to [[TERENA]]}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Terêna |
| name = Terêna |
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|nativename= |
| nativename = |
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|states=[[Brazil]] |
| states = [[Brazil]] |
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|ethnicity=[[Terena people]] |
| ethnicity = [[Terena people]] |
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|speakers={{sigfig|15800|2}} |
| speakers = {{sigfig|15800|2}} |
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|date=2006 |
| date = 2006 |
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|ref=e18 |
| ref = e18 |
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|familycolor=American |
| familycolor = American |
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|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]] |
| fam1 = [[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]] |
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|fam2=Southern |
| fam2 = Southern |
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|fam3=Bolivia–Parana |
| fam3 = Bolivia–Parana |
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|iso2=ter |
| iso2 = ter |
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|lc2=gqn|ld2=[[Kinikinao language|Kinikinao]] & [[Guaná language|Guaná]] |
| lc2 = gqn |
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| ld2 = [[Kinikinao language|Kinikinao]] & [[Guaná language|Guaná]] |
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|lc1=ter |
| lc1 = ter |
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| ld1 = Terena |
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|lc3=caj|ld3=[[Chané language|Chané]] |
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| lc3 = caj |
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|glotto=tere1279 |
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| ld3 = [[Chané language|Chané]] |
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|glottorefname=Terena-Kinikinao-Chane |
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| glotto = tere1279 |
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| glottorefname = Terena-Kinikinao-Chane |
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| region = [[Mato Grosso do Sul]] |
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| ELP2 = 509 |
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| ELPname2 = Guana (Brazil) |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar. Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese. |
'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last1=Butler|first1=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|language=pt}}</ref> Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} |
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Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref> and [[Verb–object–subject word order|verb-object-subject]] as default word order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosa |first1=Andréa |title=Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) |date=2010 |pages=71–72 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%c3%a9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |access-date=2024-05-26 |archive-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513145547/https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%C3%A9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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==Varieties== |
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Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, [[Guana language (Brazil)|Guaná]], and [[Chané language|Chané]]. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.<ref> Aikhenvald 1999</ref> Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de. 2016. [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language: Setting the Record Straight on Southern Arawak Linguistic Diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021627/https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 |date=2023-06-13 }}. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 16(1), 39-57. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165}}</ref> Only Terena proper is still spoken. |
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==Language contact== |
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Terena originated in the Northwestern [[Chaco Basin|Chaco]].<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. ''Anthropological Linguistics''.</ref> As a result, many Northern [[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] loanwords can be found in Terena.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "[https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021617/https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 |date=2023-06-13 }}." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. {{doi|10.1086/696198}}</ref> |
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There are also many [[Tupi-Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]] loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. ''[https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021616/https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously |date=2023-06-13 }}''.</ref> |
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==Phonology== |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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![[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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![[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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|{{IPA link|p}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} |
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|({{IPA link|tʃ}}) |
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|{{IPA link|k}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʔ}} |
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|- |
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!<small>prenasal</small> |
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|{{IPA link|ᵐb}} |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿd}} |
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|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]] |
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!<small>voiceless</small> |
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|{{IPA link|s}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʃ}} |
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|{{IPA link|h}} |
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|- |
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!<small>prenasal</small> |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿz}} |
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|{{IPA link|ⁿʒ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} |
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|({{IPA link|ɲ}}) |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]] |
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|{{IPA link|ɾ}} |
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! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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|{{IPA link|l}} |
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|({{IPA link|ʎ}}) |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]] |
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|{{IPA link|w}} ~ {{IPA link|v}} |
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|{{IPA link|j}} |
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/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Silva|first=Denise|title=Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena|publisher=Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho|year=2013}}</ref> |
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=== Vowels === |
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There were once four varieties, Kinikinao, Terena proper, [[Guaná]], and [[Chané language|Chané]], which are sometimes considered separate languages (Aikhenvald 1999). Only Terena proper is still spoken. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! |
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![[Front vowel|Front]] |
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![[Central vowel|Central]] |
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![[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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![[High vowel|High]] |
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|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} {{IPA link|iː}} |
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|({{IPA link|ɨ}}) |
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|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|uː}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} {{IPA link|eː}} |
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|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} {{IPA link|oː}} |
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|- |
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|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}} |
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|- |
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![[Low vowel|Low]] |
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|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} {{IPA link|aː}} |
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[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena|last=Nascimento|first=Gardênia|year=2012|location=Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
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Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax.<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref> |
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*[[Terena Sign Language]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
![]() |
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (May 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|topic= will aid in categorization.Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua terena]]; see its history for attribution. {{Translated|pt|Língua terena}} to the talk page. |
Terêna | |
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Native to | Brazil |
Region | Mato Grosso do Sul |
Ethnicity | Terena people |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2006)[1] |
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | ter |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:ter – Terenagqn – Kinikinao & Guanácaj – Chané |
Glottolog | tere1279 |
ELP | Terena |
Guana (Brazil)[2] |
TerênaorEtelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]
Terêna has an active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]
Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
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Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
prenasal | ⁿz | ⁿʒ | ||||
Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | |||
Tap | ɾ | |||||
Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||
Approximant | w ~ v | j |
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]
Front | Central | Back | |
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High | i ĩ iː | (ɨ) | u ũ uː |
Mid | e ẽ eː | o õ oː | |
ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ||
Low | a ã aː |
[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Arawakan (Maipurean) languages
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Macro-Arawakan |
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