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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Varieties  




2 Language contact  




3 Phonology  


3.1  Consonants  




3.2  Vowels  






4 See also  




5 References  













Terêna language: Difference between revisions






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{{Expand Portuguese|Língua terena|date=May 2022}}

{{Short description|Arawakan language of Brazil}}

{{hatnote|Terena may also refer to [[TERENA]]}}

{{hatnote|Terena may also refer to [[TERENA]]}}

{{Infobox language

{{Infobox language

|name=Terêna

| name = Terêna

|nativename=

| nativename =

|states=[[Brazil]]

| states = [[Brazil]]

|ethnicity=[[Terena people]]

| ethnicity = [[Terena people]]

|speakers={{sigfig|15800|2}}

| speakers = {{sigfig|15800|2}}

|date=2006

| date = 2006

|ref=e18

| ref = e18

|familycolor=American

| familycolor = American

|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]

| fam1 = [[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]

|fam2=Southern

| fam2 = Southern

|fam3=Bolivia–Parana

| fam3 = Bolivia–Parana

|iso2=ter

| iso2 = ter

|lc2=gqn|ld2=[[Kinikinao language|Kinikinao]] & [[Guaná language|Guaná]]

| lc2 = gqn

| ld2 = [[Kinikinao language|Kinikinao]] & [[Guaná language|Guaná]]

|lc1=ter|ld1=Terena

| lc1 = ter

| ld1 = Terena
⚫

|lc3=caj|ld3=[[Chané language|Chané]]

| lc3 = caj
⚫

|glotto=tere1279
⚫

| ld3 = [[Chané language|Chané]]
⚫

|glottorefname=Terena-Kinikinao-Chane
⚫

| glotto = tere1279
⚫

| glottorefname = Terena-Kinikinao-Chane

| region = [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]

| ELP2 = 509

| ELPname2 = Guana (Brazil)

}}

}}


'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last=Butler|first=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=Portuguese}}</ref>. Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.

'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last1=Butler|first1=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|language=pt}}</ref> Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref> and [[Verb–object–subject word order|verb-object-subject]] as default word order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosa |first1=Andréa |title=Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) |date=2010 |pages=71–72 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%c3%a9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |access-date=2024-05-26 |archive-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513145547/https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%C3%A9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Varieties==

Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, [[Guana language (Brazil)|Guaná]], and [[Chané language|Chané]]. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.<ref> Aikhenvald 1999</ref> Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de. 2016. [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language: Setting the Record Straight on Southern Arawak Linguistic Diversity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021627/https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 |date=2023-06-13 }}. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 16(1), 39-57. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165}}</ref> Only Terena proper is still spoken.

==Language contact==

Terena originated in the Northwestern [[Chaco Basin|Chaco]].<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. ''Anthropological Linguistics''.</ref> As a result, many Northern [[Guaicuruan languages|Guaicuruan]] loanwords can be found in Terena.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "[https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021617/https://www.academia.edu/36293525/Carvalho._2018._Arawakan-Guaicuruan_Language_Contact_in_the_South_American_Chaco._International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics_84_2_243-263 |date=2023-06-13 }}." ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. {{doi|10.1086/696198}}</ref>


There are also many [[Tupi-Guarani languages|Tupi-Guarani]] loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando O. de. ''[https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613021616/https://www.academia.edu/35772560/Carvalho._to_appear._Tupi-Guarani_Loanwords_in_Southern_Arawak_Taking_Contact_Etymologies_Seriously |date=2023-06-13 }}''.</ref>

There were once four varieties, Kinikinao, Terena proper, [[Guaná]], and [[Chané language|Chané]], which are sometimes considered separate languages (Aikhenvald 1999). Only Terena proper is still spoken.


Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax.<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref>

==Phonology==

==Phonology==

=== Consonants ===

=== Consonants ===
Line 36: Line 50:

![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]

|-

|-

! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]]

! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]

!<small>voiceless</small>

!<small>voiceless</small>

|{{IPA link|p}}
⚫

|p

|{{IPA link|t}}

|t

|({{IPA link|tʃ}})

|

|{{IPA link|k}}

|k

|{{IPA link|ʔ}}

|ʔ

|-

|-

!<small>prenasal</small>

!<small>prenasal</small>

|{{IPA link|ᵐb}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]

! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]

!<small>voiceless</small>

!<small>voiceless</small>

|

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|s

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|ʃ

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

|h

|-

|-

!<small>prenasal</small>

!<small>prenasal</small>

|

|

|{{IPA link|ⁿz}}

|

|{{IPA link|ⁿʒ}}

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]

|{{IPA link|m}}

|m

|{{IPA link|n}}

|n

|({{IPA link|ɲ}})

|

|

|

|

|
Line 75: Line 89:

! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]

! colspan="2" |[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɾ}}

|ɾ

|

|

|

|
Line 82: Line 96:

! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|l

|({{IPA link|ʎ}})

|

|

|

|

|

|-

|-

! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]

! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]

|{{IPA link|w}} ~ {{IPA link|v}}

|w

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|j

|

|

|

|

|}

|}

/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Silva|first=Denise|title=Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena|publisher=Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho|year=2013}}</ref>

An alveolar lateral consonant /l/ may be realized as a retroflex lateral [ɭ]. A velar nasal [ŋ] sound is often heard when following after nasal vowels. A glottal stop [ʔ] can be heard before word-initial vowels. A word-final /k/ may also sound unreleased [k̚].


=== Vowels ===

=== Vowels ===
Line 104: Line 118:

|-

|-

![[High vowel|High]]

![[High vowel|High]]

|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} {{IPA link|iː}}

| align="center" |i iː

|({{IPA link|ɨ}})

||| align="center" | u uː

|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|ũ}} {{IPA link|uː}}

|-

|-

![[Mid vowel|Mid]]

! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]

|{{IPA link|e}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} {{IPA link|eː}}

|e

|

|

|{{IPA link|o}} {{IPA link|õ}} {{IPA link|oː}}
⚫

|-

|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}}

|-

|-

![[Low vowel|Low]]

![[Low vowel|Low]]

|

|

|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|ã}} {{IPA link|aː}}

|a aː

|

|

|}

|}

[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena|last=Nascimento|first=Gardênia|year=2012|location=Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais}}</ref>

/i/ and /u/ may be realized as approximant sounds [j] and [w], when preceding another vowel.

==See also==

*[[Terena Sign Language]]


==References==

==References==

Latest revision as of 10:43, 26 May 2024

Terena may also refer to TERENA
Terêna
Native toBrazil
RegionMato Grosso do Sul
EthnicityTerena people

Native speakers

16,000 (2006)[1]

Language family

Arawakan

  • Southern
    • Bolivia–Parana
      • Terêna

Language codes
ISO 639-2ter
ISO 639-3Variously:
ter – Terena
gqn – Kinikinao & Guaná
caj – Chané
Glottologtere1279
ELPTerena
 Guana (Brazil)[2]

TerênaorEtelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]

Terêna has an active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]

Varieties

[edit]

Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7] Only Terena proper is still spoken.

Language contact

[edit]

Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]

There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t (tʃ) k ʔ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ
Fricative voiceless s ʃ h
prenasal ⁿz ⁿʒ
Nasal m n (ɲ)
Tap ɾ
Lateral l (ʎ)
Approximant w ~ v j

/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Back
High i ĩ iː (ɨ) u ũ uː
Mid e ẽ eː o õ oː
ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a ã aː

[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ TerenaatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Kinikinao & GuanáatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    ChanéatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  • ^ Endangered Languages Project data for Guana (Brazil).
  • ^ Butler, Nancy Evelyn; Ekdahl, Elizabeth Muriel (1979). Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1 (in Portuguese). Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • ^ Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., The Amazonian Languages, 1999.
  • ^ Rosa, Andréa (2010). Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) (PDF). pp. 71–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-13. Retrieved 2024-05-26.
  • ^ Aikhenvald 1999
  • ^ Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de. 2016. Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language: Setting the Record Straight on Southern Arawak Linguistic Diversity Archived 2023-06-13 at the Wayback Machine. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas, 16(1), 39-57. doi:10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165
  • ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2020. Etymology meets ethnohistory: Linguistic evidence for the pre-historic origin of the Guaná-Chané in the Northwestern Chaco. Anthropological Linguistics.
  • ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. 2018. "Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco Archived 2023-06-13 at the Wayback Machine." International Journal of American Linguistics 84, no. 2 (April 2018): 243-263. doi:10.1086/696198
  • ^ Carvalho, Fernando O. de. Tupi-Guarani Loanwords in Southern Arawak: Taking Contact Etymologies Seriously Archived 2023-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  • ^ Silva, Denise (2013). Estudo Lexicografico da Lingua Terena. Araraquara: Universidade estadual paulista julio de mesquita filho.
  • ^ Nascimento, Gardênia (2012). Aspectos Gramaticais da Língua Terena. Belo Horizonte: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)


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