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'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last=Butler|first=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|language=pt}}</ref> Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese. |
'''Terêna''' or '''Etelena''' is spoken by 15,000 [[Brazilian people|Brazilians]]. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_ter_book-2|title=Aprenda Terêna, Vol. 1|last=Butler|first=Nancy Evelyn|last2=Ekdahl|first2=Elizabeth Muriel|publisher=Summer Institute of Linguistics|year=1979|language=pt}}</ref> Many [[Terena people]] have low [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] proficiency. It is spoken in [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} |
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Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref> and [[Verb–object–subject word order|verb-object-subject]] as default word order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosa |first1=Andréa |title=Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) |date=2010 |pages=71-72 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%c3%a9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf}}</ref> |
Terêna has an [[active–stative]] syntax<ref>Aikhenvald, "Arawak", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, eds., ''The Amazonian Languages'', 1999.</ref> and [[Verb–object–subject word order|verb-object-subject]] as default word order.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rosa |first1=Andréa |title=Aspectos morfológicos do terena (Aruák) |date=2010 |pages=71-72 |url=https://repositorio.ufms.br/bitstream/123456789/1101/1/Andr%c3%a9a%20Marques%20Rosa.pdf}}</ref> |
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==Varieties== |
==Varieties== |
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Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, [[Guana language (Brazil)|Guaná]], and [[Chané language|Chané]]. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.<ref> Aikhenvald 1999</ref> Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.<ref>Carvalho, Fernando Orphão de. 2016. [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8646165 Terena, Chané, Guaná and Kinikinau are one and the same language: Setting the Record Straight on Southern Arawak Linguistic Diversity]. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 16(1), 39-57. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v16i1.8646165}}</ref> Only Terena proper is still spoken. |
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==Language contact== |
==Language contact== |
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (May 2022) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|topic= will aid in categorization.Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:Língua terena]]; see its history for attribution.{{Translated|pt|Língua terena}} to the talk page. |
| Terêna | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Brazil |
| Region | Mato Grosso do Sul |
| Ethnicity | Terena people |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2006)[1] |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-2 | ter |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:ter – Terenagqn – Kinikinao & Guanácaj – Chané |
| Glottolog | tere1279 |
| ELP | Terena |
| Guana (Brazil)[2] | |
TerênaorEtelena is spoken by 15,000 Brazilians. The language has a dictionary and written grammar.[3] Many Terena people have low Portuguese proficiency. It is spoken in Mato Grosso do Sul. About 20% are literate in their language, 80% literate in Portuguese.[citation needed]
Terêna has an active–stative syntax[4] and verb-object-subject as default word order.[5]
Terêna had four varieties: Kinikinao, Terena proper, Guaná, and Chané. These varieties have sometimes been considered to be separate languages.[6] Carvalho (2016) has since demonstrated all four to be the same language.[7] Only Terena proper is still spoken.
Terena originated in the Northwestern Chaco.[8] As a result, many Northern Guaicuruan loanwords can be found in Terena.[9]
There are also many Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Terena and other southern Arawakan languages.[10]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | (tʃ) | k | ʔ |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʃ | h | ||
| prenasal | ⁿz | ⁿʒ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | |||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||
| Approximant | w ~ v | j | ||||
/w, ʃ, n, l/ may often be heard as [v, tʃ, ɲ, ʎ].[11]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i ĩ iː | (ɨ) | u ũ uː |
| Mid | e ẽ eː | o õ oː | |
| ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ||
| Low | a ã aː |
[ɨ] is heard as an allophone of /i/.[12]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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Arawakan (Maipurean) languages
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This Arawakan languages-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
