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Protein-coding gene in humans
FOXM1 , FKHL16, FOXM1B, HFH-11, HFH11, HNF-3, INS-1, MPHOSPH2, MPP-2, MPP2, PIG29, TGT3, TRIDENT, forkhead box M1, FOXM1A, FOXM1C
OMIM : 602341 ; MGI : 1347487 ; HomoloGene : 7318 ; GeneCards : FOXM1 ; OMA :FOXM1 - orthologs
Chromosome 12 (human) [1]
12p13.33
Start
2,857,680 bp [1]
2,877,174 bp [1]
Chromosome 6 (mouse)[2]
6 F3|6 62.98 cM
Start
128,339,930 bp [2]
128,353,109 bp [2]
mucosa of transverse colon
left testis
stromal cell of endometrium
right testis
testicle
rectum
zygote
otic vesicle
primary oocyte
otic placode
yolk sac
seminiferous tubule
protein kinase binding
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process
transcription by RNA polymerase II
transcription, DNA-templated
regulation of cell cycle
cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
regulation of cell population proliferation
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycle
regulation of cell growth
positive regulation of cell population proliferation
negative regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
DNA repair
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
anatomical structure morphogenesis
cell differentiation
cell cycle
positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
Chr 12: 2.86 – 2.88 Mb
Chr 6: 128.34 – 128.35 Mb
[3]
[4]
Forkhead box protein M1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOXM1 gene .[5] [6] The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the FOX family of transcription factors .[5] [7] Its potential as a target for future cancer treatments led to it being designated the 2010 Molecule of the Year .[8]
Function [ edit ]
FOXM1 is known to play a key role in cell cycle progression where endogenous FOXM1 expression peaks at S and G2/M phases.[9] FOXM1-null mouse embryos were neonatal lethal as a result of the development of polyploid cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes , highlighting the role of FOXM1 in mitotic division . More recently a study using transgenic /knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) has shown that FOXM1 regulates expression of a large array of G2/M-specific genes, such as Plk1 , cyclin B2 , Nek2 and CENPF , and plays an important role in maintenance of chromosomal segregation and genomic stability.[10]
Cancer link [ edit ]
FOXM1 gene is now known as a human proto-oncogene .[11] Abnormal upregulation of FOXM1 is involved in the oncogenesis of basal cell carcinoma , the most common human cancer worldwide.[12] FOXM1 upregulation was subsequently found in the majority of solid human cancers including liver,[13] breast,[14] lung,[15] prostate,[16] cervix of uterus,[17] colon,[18] and brain.[19]
Isoforms [ edit ]
There are three FOXM1 isoforms in humans, A, B and C. Isoform FOXM1A has been shown to be a gene transcriptional repressor whereas the remaining isoforms (B and C) are both transcriptional activators . Hence, it is not surprising that FOXM1B and C isoforms have been found to be upregulated in human cancers.[9]
Mechanism of oncogenesis [ edit ]
The exact mechanism of FOXM1 in cancer formation remains unknown. It is thought that upregulation of FOXM1 promotes oncogenesis through abnormal impact on its multiple roles in cell cycle and chromosomal/genomic maintenance. Aberrant upregulation of FOXM1 in primary human skin keratinocytes can directly induce genomic instability in the form of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and copy number aberrations.[20]
FOXM1 overexpression is involved in early events of carcinogenesis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma . It has been shown that nicotine exposure directly activates FOXM1 activity in human oral keratinocytes and induced malignant transformation .[21]
Role in stem cell fate [ edit ]
A recent report by the research group which first found that the over-expression of FOXM1 is associated with human cancer, showed that aberrant upregulation of FOXM1 in adult human epithelial stem cells induces a precancer phenotype in a 3D-organotypic tissue regeneration system – a condition similar to human hyperplasia. The authors showed that excessive expression of FOXM1 exploits the inherent self-renewal proliferation potential of stem cells by interfering with the differentiation pathway, thereby expanding the progenitor cell compartment. It was therefore hypothesized that FOXM1 induces cancer initiation through stem/progenitor cell expansion.[22]
Role in epigenome regulations [ edit ]
Given the role in progenitor/stem cells expansion,[22] FOXM1 has been shown to modulate the epigenome . It was found that overexpression of FOXM1 "brain washes" normal cells to adopt cancer-like epigenome .[23] A number of new epigenetic biomarkers influenced by FOXM1 were identified from the study and these were thought to represent epigenetic signature of early cancer development which has potential for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis.[23]
Interactions [ edit ]
FOXM1 has been shown to interact with Cdh1 .[24]
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ "Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^ a b Ye H, Kelly TF, Samadani U, Lim L, Rubio S, Overdier DG, Roebuck KA, Costa RH (March 1997). "Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head homolog 11 is expressed in proliferating epithelial and mesenchymal cells of embryonic and adult tissues" . Mol. Cell. Biol . 17 (3 ): 1626–41. doi :10.1128/MCB.17.3.1626 . PMC 231888 . PMID 9032290 .
^ Korver W, Roose J, Heinen K, Weghuis DO, de Bruijn D, van Kessel AG, Clevers H (December 1997). "The human TRIDENT/HFH-11/FKHL16 gene: structure, localization, and promoter characterization". Genomics . 46 (3 ): 435–42. doi :10.1006/geno.1997.5065 . hdl :2066/25040 . PMID 9441747 . S2CID 25093788 .
^ "Entrez Gene: FOXM1 forkhead box M1" .
^ Vincent Shen. "2010 Molecule of the Year" . BioTechniques . Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2011 .
^ a b Wierstra I, Alves J (December 2007). "FOXM1, a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor". Biol. Chem . 388 (12 ): 1257–74. doi :10.1515/BC.2007.159 . PMID 18020943 . S2CID 19721737 .
^ Laoukili J, Kooistra MR, Brás A, Kauw J, Kerkhoven RM, Morrison A, Clevers H, Medema RH (February 2005). "FoxM1 is required for execution of the mitotic programme and chromosome stability". Nat. Cell Biol . 7 (2 ): 126–36. doi :10.1038/ncb1217 . PMID 15654331 . S2CID 11732068 .
^ Myatt SS, Lam EW (November 2007). "The emerging roles of forkhead box (Fox) proteins in cancer". Nat. Rev. Cancer . 7 (11 ): 847–59. doi :10.1038/nrc2223 . PMID 17943136 . S2CID 1330189 .
^ Teh MT, Wong ST, Neill GW, Ghali LR, Philpott MP, Quinn AG (15 August 2002). "FOXM1 is a downstream target of Gli1 in basal cell carcinomas" . Cancer Res . 62 (16 ): 4773–80. PMID 12183437 .
^ Kalinichenko VV, Major ML, Wang X, Petrovic V, Kuechle J, Yoder HM, Dennewitz MB, Shin B, Datta A, Raychaudhuri P, Costa RH (April 2004). "Foxm1b transcription factor is essential for development of hepatocellular carcinomas and is negatively regulated by the p19ARF tumor suppressor" . Genes Dev . 18 (7 ): 830–50. doi :10.1101/gad.1200704 . PMC 387422 . PMID 15082532 .
^ Wonsey DR, Follettie MT (June 2005). "Loss of the forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 causes centrosome amplification and mitotic catastrophe" . Cancer Res . 65 (12 ): 5181–9. doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-4059 . PMID 15958562 .
^ Kim IM, Ackerson T, Ramakrishna S, Tretiakova M, Wang IC, Kalin TV, Major ML, Gusarova GA, Yoder HM, Costa RH, Kalinichenko VV (February 2006). "The Forkhead Box m1 transcription factor stimulates the proliferation of tumor cells during development of lung cancer" . Cancer Res . 66 (4 ): 2153–61. doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3003 . PMID 16489016 .
^ Kalin TV, Wang IC, Ackerson TJ, Major ML, Detrisac CJ, Kalinichenko VV, Lyubimov A, Costa RH (February 2006). "Increased levels of the FoxM1 transcription factor accelerate development and progression of prostate carcinomas in both TRAMP and LADY transgenic mice" . Cancer Res . 66 (3 ): 1712–20. doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3138 . PMC 1363687 . PMID 16452231 .
^ Chan DW, Yu SY, Chiu PM, Yao KM, Liu VW, Cheung AN, Ngan HY (July 2008). "Over-expression of FOXM1 transcription factor is associated with cervical cancer progression and pathogenesis". J. Pathol . 215 (3 ): 245–52. doi :10.1002/path.2355 . PMID 18464245 . S2CID 30137454 .
^ Douard R, Moutereau S, Pernet P, Chimingqi M, Allory Y, Manivet P, Conti M, Vaubourdolle M, Cugnenc PH, Loric S (May 2006). "Sonic Hedgehog-dependent proliferation in a series of patients with colorectal cancer". Surgery . 139 (5 ): 665–70. doi :10.1016/j.surg.2005.10.012 . PMID 16701100 .
^ Liu M, Dai B, Kang SH, Ban K, Huang FJ, Lang FF, Aldape KD, Xie TX, Pelloski CE, Xie K, Sawaya R, Huang S (April 2006). "FoxM1B is overexpressed in human glioblastomas and critically regulates the tumorigenicity of glioma cells". Cancer Res . 66 (7 ): 3593–602. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.4506 . doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-2912 . PMID 16585184 .
^ Teh MT, Gemenetzidis E, Chaplin T, Young BD, Philpott MP (2010). "Upregulation of FOXM1 induces genomic instability in human epidermal keratinocytes" . Mol. Cancer . 9 : 45. doi :10.1186/1476-4598-9-45 . PMC 2907729 . PMID 20187950 .
^ Gemenetzidis E, Bose A, Riaz AM, Chaplin T, Young BD, Ali M, Sugden D, Thurlow JK, Cheong SC, Teo SH, Wan H, Waseem A, Parkinson EK, Fortune F, Teh MT (2009). Jin DY (ed.). "FOXM1 upregulation is an early event in human squamous cell carcinoma and it is enhanced by nicotine during malignant transformation" . PLOS ONE . 4 (3 ): e4849. Bibcode :2009PLoSO...4.4849G . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0004849 . PMC 2654098 . PMID 19287496 .
^ a b Gemenetzidis E, Elena-Costea D, Parkinson EK, Waseem A, Wan H, Teh MT (2010). "Induction of human epithelial stem/progenitor expansion by FOXM1" . Cancer Res . 70 (22 ): 9515–26. doi :10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2173 . PMC 3044465 . PMID 21062979 .
^ a b Teh MT, Gemenetzidis E, Patel D, Tariq R, Nadir A, Bahta AW, Waseem A, Hutchison IL (2012). "FOXM1 induces a global methylation signature that mimics the cancer epigenome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" . PLOS ONE . 7 (3 ): e34329. Bibcode :2012PLoSO...734329T . doi :10.1371/journal.pone.0034329 . PMC 3312909 . PMID 22461910 .
^ Laoukili J, Alvarez-Fernandez M, Stahl M, Medema RH (September 2008). "FoxM1 is degraded at mitotic exit in a Cdh1-dependent manner" . Cell Cycle . 7 (17 ): 2720–6. doi :10.4161/cc.7.17.6580 . PMID 18758239 .
External links [ edit ]
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine , which is in the public domain .
4
5
6
7
AP-1
BACH
BATF
BLZF1
C/EBP
CREB
CREM
DBP
DDIT3
GABPA
GCN4
HLF
MAF
NFE
NFIL3
NRL
NRF
XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH )
ATOH1
HAND
MESP2
Myogenic regulatory factors
NeuroD
Neurogenins
OLIG
Paraxis
SLC
Twist
Myc
MXD4
TCF4
AHRR
ARNT
CLOCK
HIF
NPAS
PER
SIM
3
9
Pho4
ID
2
3
4
5
6
7
HEY
MAX
MITF
MNT
MLX
MLXIPL
MXI1
Myc
SREBP
USF1
B
C
X
SMAD
2
3
4
5
6
ANK
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
β
γ
δ
ε
LXR
PPAR
PXR
RAR
ROR
Rev-ErbA
VDR
II
Ear-2
HNF4
PNR
RXR
Testicular receptor
TLX
Estrogen
Glucocorticoid
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Progesterone
Estrogen related
NOR1
NURR1
SF1
SHP
2
3
4
5
6
MTA
TRPS1
TFIIB
TFIID
TFIIE
TFIIF
1
2
(2.5) Alternating composition
DIDO1
GRLF1
ING
JARID
JMJD1B
2
4
extended Hox: Evx1
Evx2
MEOX1
MEOX2
Homeobox
GBX1
GBX2
MNX1
BARHL2
BARX1
BARX2
BSX
DBX
DLX
EMX
EN
HHEX
HLX
LBX1
LBX2
MSX
NANOG
NKX
NATO
TLX1
TLX2
TLX3
VAX1
VAX2
CRX
CUTL1
FHL
HESX1
HOPX
LMX
NOBOX
TALE
PHF
POU domain
SATB2
ZEB
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PRRX
PROP1
PHOX
RAX
SHOX
SHOX2
VSX1
VSX2
Bicoid
2
3
4
5
FOX proteins
2
4
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
4
5
EGF
ELK
ERF
ETS
ETV
FLI1
Interferon regulatory factors
MYB
MYBL2
transcriptional enhancer factor
2
3
4
(4 ) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts
RELB
NFAT
2
3
4
5
6
TP63
p73
TBX
MYRF
B
C
D
SRF
TBPL1
HMGB
HMGN
HNF
SOX
SRY
SSRP1
TCF/LEF
TOX
YBX1
CBFA2T3
RUNX1
RUNX2
RUNX3
RUNX1T1
(0) Other transcription factors
HBP1
RBL1
RBL2
EREBP
B3
1B
2
3A
3B
4A
CAP
IFI
MLL
MNDA
NFY
Rho /Sigma
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● W i k i p e d i a a r t i c l e s i n c o r p o r a t i n g t e x t f r o m t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a t i o n a l L i b r a r y o f M e d i c i n e
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a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n .
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