Sirayaic languages

Sirayaic
Geographic distribution	Southern Taiwan
Linguistic classification	Austronesian East Formosan Sirayaic
Subdivisions	Siraya Taivoan–Makatao
Glottolog	`sira1267`
(pink) Sirayaic

The Proto-Siraya language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Siraiyac branch. Proto-Siraya includes at least three languages: Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao. Li claimed Proto-Siraya might have split from the other East Formosan languages around 3,500 years ago, and began to develop nowadays Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao 3,000 years ago.^[2]

Raleigh Farrell (1971) believes there were at least five indigenous peoples in the south-western plain of Taiwan at that time:^[3]

Based on the latest corpora, Li (2010) attempted two classification trees^[2] for Sirayaic languages:

Tree based on the number of phonological innovations	Tree based on the relative chronology of sound changes
Sirayaic Taivoan Siraya–Makatao Siraya Makatao	Sirayaic Siraya Taivoan–Makatao Taivoan Makatao

**Proto-Siraya Consonants (Adelaar, 2014)**
	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Unvoiced stop	p	t		k
Voiced stop	b	d
Nasal	m	n		ŋ
Unvoiced spirants		s			h
Voiced spirants	v	ð		ɣ
Lateral		r, ł
Semivowels	w		y

**Proto-Siraya Vowels (Adelaar, 2014)**
Height	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ə
Open		a

Based on the comparison of the available corpora, Adelaar (2014) proposed a summary of sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Siraya,^[4] comapared with Siraya or Taivoan in the 17th century, accompanied with the other three East Formosan languages, Basay, Kavalan, and Amis, proposed by Li (2004):^[5]

Proto-Austronesian	Proto-Siraya	Siraya (UM)	Siraya or Taivoan (Gospel)	Basay	Kavalan	Amis
*p	*p	p	p	p	p	p
t, C	*t	t	t	t	t	t
*c	--
*k	*k	k	k	k, h /_a	k, q	k
*q	Ø			Ø	Ø	Q
*b	*b	b/v	b/v	b	b	f
*d	*ð	s/d, -s-, -s	d/r, -r-, -r/d
*-D	--			r, l	z	d
*z	*d	d	d	r, l	z	d
*j	*n	n	n	n	n	n
*g	--
*m	*m	m	m	m	m	m
*n	*n	n	n	n	n	n
*ñ	?*n	n	n	n	n	d
*ŋ	*ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ	ŋ
*h	Ø			Ø	Ø	h, ?
*S	*s	Ø, -s-	Ø, -h-	s	s	s
*s	*s	s/h-, -s/h/x-, -x	s/h-, -s/h/x-, -Ø	c	s	c
*R	*x	x	h/Ø-, -h/Ø-, -x	r, l	r, l, R	l
*l	*r	r	r	c	r, l, R	l
*r	--
*N	*ł	l	l	n	n	d
*w	w, u	w	w	w	w	v
*y	*y	y	y	y	y	y
*a	*a	a	a	a	a, i / *q	a
*ə	*ə	Ø	Ø
*i	*i	i, -i/e	i, -i/e	i	i	i
*u	*u	u	u/aw-, -u-, -u/aw	u	u	u

Below is a chart comparing list of numbers of 1–10 in Sirayaic languages, including different dialects of Siraya, Taivoan, and Makatao language, spoken from Tainan to Pingtung in southwestern Taiwan, and from Hualien to Taitung in eastern Taiwan:^[6]

Austronesian List of Numbers 1-10		Dialects	Autonym	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Proto-Austronesian				əsa isa	*duSa	*təlu	*Səpat	*lima	*ənəm	*pitu	*walu	*Siwa	*(sa-)puluq
Proto-Siraya				*saat	*ðusa	*turu	*səpat	*rǐma	*nəm	*pitu	*kuixpa	*ma-tuda	*saat ki tian
17th century	Siraya	Utrecht^{[note 1]}	--	saat	sa-soa	tu-turo	pa-xpat	ri-rima	ni-nam	pi-pito	kuxipat	matuda	keteang
17th century	Siraya (arguably)	Gospel^{[note 2]}	--	saat	ruha	turu	xpat	rima	nom	pitu	kuixpa	matuda	kitian
20th century	Siraya	Kongana^{[note 3]}	Siraiya	sasaat	duha	turu	tapat	tu-rima	tu-num	pitu	pipa	kuda	keteng
	Siraya (arguably)	Moatao^{[note 4]}	Siraiya	isa	rusa	tao	usipat	hima	lomu	pitu	vao	siva	masu
	Taivoan	Suannsamna^{[note 5]}	--	sa'a	zua	to'o	sipat gaspa	urima	urumu	upitu	uwaru	hsiya	--
	Taivoan	Siaolin^{[note 6]}	Taibowan	tsaha saka	ruha luha	tohu	paha' limta	hima	lom lanlan	kito	kipa	matuha matsuha	kaipien kaitian
	Taivoan	Dazhuang^{[note 7]}	Taivoan Taiburan	tsatsa'a	raruha	tato'o	tapat	tarima	tanum	tyausen	rapako	ravasen	kaiten
	Makatao	Laopi^{[note 8]}	Makatao	saka	bailung	kutung	lumta	rima	langalan	kimseng	kalasin	kabaitya	kaiten
	Makatao	Kanapo^{[note 9]}	--	na-saad	ra-ruha	ra-ruma	ra-sipat	ra-lima	ra-hurum	ra-pito	ra-haru	ra-siwa	ra-kaitian
	Makatao	Bankim^{[note 10]}	--	saat	laluha	taturu	hapat	lalima	anum	papitu	--	tuda	saatitin