rv: that is general for all dialects of Spanish, not specific to Spain
|
No edit summary
|
||
Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
[[File:Spanish dialects in Spain-en.png|thumb|450px|Dialects of peninsular Spanish and other [[languages of Spain]]]] |
[[File:Spanish dialects in Spain-en.png|thumb|450px|Dialects of peninsular Spanish and other [[languages of Spain]]]] |
||
{{Spanish language}} |
{{Spanish language}} |
||
'''Peninsular Spanish''' ({{lang-es|español peninsular}}) |
'''Peninsular Spanish''' ({{lang-es|español peninsular}}) (also known as the '''Spanish of Spain''' ({{lang-es|español de España|links=no}}), '''European Spanish''' ({{lang-es|español europeo|links=no}}), '''Iberian Spanish''' ({{lang-es|español ibérico|links=no}}) or '''Spanish Spanish''' ({{lang-es|español español|links=no}}) is the set of varieties of the [[Spanish language]] spoken in peninsular [[Spain]], as opposed to the [[Spanish language in the Americas|Americas]] and the [[Canarian Spanish|Canary Islands]]. The related term [[Castilian Spanish]] is often applied to formal varieties of Spanish as spoken in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/i.e.mackenzie/castiler.htm|title=Castilian Spanish|work=ncl.ac.uk|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861595345/Castilian.html |title=Castilian |publisher=Webcitation.org |access-date=2015-08-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwQf5Tmd?url=http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861595345/Castilian.html |archive-date=October 31, 2009 }}</ref> According to folk tradition, the "purest" form of Peninsular Spanish is spoken in [[Valladolid]], although the concept of "pure" languages has been questioned by modern linguists.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2011/12/15/actualidad/1323903603_850215.html|title=“En ningún sitio se habla el mejor español del mundo”|last=MARCOS|first=JAVIER RODRÍGUEZ|date=2011-12-15|work=El País|access-date=2019-04-01|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20160903/4185154553/linguista-sostiene-que-no-hablan-mejor-espanol-en-valladolid-que-en-medellin.html|title=Lingüista sostiene que no hablan mejor español en Valladolid que en Medellín|date=2016-09-03|website=La Vanguardia|language=es|access-date=2019-04-01}}</ref> |
||
[[Phonology|Phonologically]], the most prominent distinguishing element of Peninsular Spanish, except for the southernmost varieties, is the use of a distinction between the phonemes {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|θ}}, represented respectively with the letters ⟨s⟩ on the one hand and ⟨z⟩, or [[Hard and soft C|⟨c⟩ before ⟨e / i⟩]], on the other. In other varieties, the two phonemes are realized as a single /s/. The distinction is usually simply labelled ''distinción'', while the lack of distinction between the two is called ''[[seseo]]'' or ''[[ceceo]]'', depending on the phonetic outcome ([s] in the former case, {{IPAblink|s̟}} in the latter). |
[[Phonology|Phonologically]], the most prominent distinguishing element of Peninsular Spanish, except for the southernmost varieties, is the use of a distinction between the phonemes {{IPAslink|s}} and {{IPAslink|θ}}, represented respectively with the letters ⟨s⟩ on the one hand and ⟨z⟩, or [[Hard and soft C|⟨c⟩ before ⟨e / i⟩]], on the other. In other varieties, the two phonemes are realized as a single /s/. The distinction is usually simply labelled ''distinción'', while the lack of distinction between the two is called ''[[seseo]]'' or ''[[ceceo]]'', depending on the phonetic outcome ([s] in the former case, {{IPAblink|s̟}} in the latter). |
Peninsular Spanish (Spanish: español peninsular) (also known as the Spanish of Spain (Spanish: español de España), European Spanish (Spanish: español europeo), Iberian Spanish (Spanish: español ibérico) or Spanish Spanish (Spanish: español español) is the set of varieties of the Spanish language spoken in peninsular Spain, as opposed to the Americas and the Canary Islands. The related term Castilian Spanish is often applied to formal varieties of Spanish as spoken in Spain.[1][2] According to folk tradition, the "purest" form of Peninsular Spanish is spoken in Valladolid, although the concept of "pure" languages has been questioned by modern linguists.[3][4]
Phonologically, the most prominent distinguishing element of Peninsular Spanish, except for the southernmost varieties, is the use of a distinction between the phonemes /s/ and /θ/, represented respectively with the letters ⟨s⟩ on the one hand and ⟨z⟩, or ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e / i⟩, on the other. In other varieties, the two phonemes are realized as a single /s/. The distinction is usually simply labelled distinción, while the lack of distinction between the two is called seseoorceceo, depending on the phonetic outcome ([s] in the former case, [s̟] in the latter).
Morphologically, the most notable distinguishing feature of Peninsular Spanish is the use of the pronoun vosotros (along with its oblique form os) and its corresponding verb forms for the second person plural familiar. In virtually all other varieties of Modern Spanish (with the exception of Equatoguinean Spanish), for the second person plural, the familiar and the formal are merged in ustedes, with its verb forms. Again, the use of vosotros is uncommon in the Canary Islands and only partially introduced in Western Andalusia.
Variation in peninsular Spanish largely follows a north-south axis.[5][6] The Spanish of bilingual regions, such as Castrapo in Galicia or Catalan Spanish, has its own features due to language contact.
A simple, north-south division is:[6]
While a more narrow division includes the following dialect regions:[5]
The Spanish language is a pluricentric language. Spanish is spoken in numerous countries around the world, each with differing standards. However, the Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), based in Madrid, Spain, is affiliated with the national language academies of 22 other hispanophone nations through the Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, and their coordinated resolutions are typically accepted in other countries, especially those related to spelling. Also, the Instituto Cervantes, an agency of the Government of Spain in charge of promoting the Spanish language abroad, has been adopted by other countries as the authority to officially recognize and certify the Spanish level of non-native Spanish speakers as their second language, as happens in Australia, South Korea or Switzerland. [citation needed]
The variants of Spanish spoken in Spain and its former colonies vary significantly in grammar and pronunciation, as well as in the use of idioms. Courses of Spanish as a second language commonly use Mexican Spanish in the United States and Canada, whereas European Spanish is typically preferred in Europe.
Dialects in central and northern Spain and Latin American Spanish contain several differences, the most apparent being Distinción (distinction), i.e., the pronunciation of the letter z before all vowels, and of c before e and i, as a voiceless dental fricative /θ/, as in English thinthing. Thus, in most varieties of Spanish from Spain, cinco, 'five' is pronounced /ˈθinko/ as opposed to /ˈsinko/ in Latin American Spanish, and similarly for zapato, 'shoe', cerdo, 'pig', zorro, 'fox', Zurbarán. A restricted form of distinción also occurs in the area around Cusco, Peru, where [θ] exists in words such as the numbers doce, 'twelve', and trece, 'thirteen'.[7]
Additionally, all Latin American dialects drop the familiar (that is, informal) vosotros verb forms for the second person plural, using ustedes in all contexts. In most of Spain, ustedes is used only in a formal context.
Some other minor differences are:
The meaning of certain words may differ greatly between all the dialects of the language: carro refers to car in some Latin American dialects but to cart in Spain and some Latin American dialects. There also appear gender differences: el PC ('personal computer') in Castilian Spanish and some Latin American Spanish, la PC in some Hispanic American Spanish, due to the widespread use of the gallicism ordenador (from ordinateur in French) for computer in Peninsular Spanish, which is masculine, instead of the Hispanic-American-preferred computadora, which is feminine, from the English word 'computer' (the exceptions being Colombia and Chile, where PC is known as computador, which is masculine).
Speakers from Latin America tend to use words and polite-set expressions that, even if recognized by the Real Academia Española, are not widely used nowadays (some of them are even deemed as anachronisms) by speakers of Castilian Spanish. For example, enojarse and enfadarse are verbs with the same meaning (to become angry), enojarse being used much more in the Americas than in Spain, and enfadarse more in Spain than in the Americas. Below are select vocabulary differences between Spain and other Spanish-speaking countries. Words in bold are unique to Spain and not used in any other country (except for perhaps Equatorial Guinea which speaks a very closely related dialect, and to a lesser extent the Philippines).
Castilian Spanish | Latin American Spanish[N 1] | English |
---|---|---|
vale | bien (universal), listo (Colombia), dale (Argentina, Chile), ya (Peru) | okay |
gafas | anteojos/lentes | eyeglasses/spectacles |
patata | papa | potato (papa also means poppet or child) |
judía, alubia | frijol/frejol/caraota (Venezuela) / habichuela (Caribbean) / poroto | bean |
jersey/chaleco | suéter/saco/pulóver | sweater |
coche | auto/carro | car |
conducir | manejar | to drive |
aparcar | estacionar/parquear | to park |
fregona | trapeador, trapero, lampazo (Argentina, Uruguay), mopa, mapo (Puerto Rico) | mop |
tarta | torta/pastel (Mexico, El Salvador) / queque/bizcocho (Puerto Rico) | cake |
ordenador | computadora/computador | computer |
zumo | jugo | juice |
chulo/guay | chévere/chido/piola/copado/bacán/bacano | cool (slang) |
cabezal | cabeza | head (of an apparatus) |
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Africa and Asia |
| ||||||||
Americas (American) |
| ||||||||
Europe (Peninsular) |
| ||||||||
Other |
| ||||||||
Extinct |
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Major branches |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eastern |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italo- Dalmatian |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Western |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Others |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reconstructed |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|