| Adjuvilo | |
|---|---|
| Created by | Claudius Colas |
| Date | 1910 |
| Setting and usage | International auxiliary language |
| Purpose |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qaj (local use). Note that qaj is also used for Ulu. |
| Glottolog | None |
| IETF | art-x-adjuvilo (local use) |
Adjuvilo is a constructed language created in 1910 by Claudius Colas under the pseudonym of "Profesoro V. Esperema". Although it was a full language, it may not have been created to be spoken. Many believe that as an Esperantist, Colas created Adjuvilo to help create dissent in the then-growing Ido movement.[citation needed] Colas himself called his language simplified Ido and proposed several reforms to Ido.
Colas created a nearly complete grammar, but did not create a new vocabulary. Adjuvilo uses mainly the vocabulary of Ido with modifications according to the grammatical changes of Ido. Colas in some cases reestablishes the Esperanto forms of words and even constructed some new words like sulo for "sun" (Ido/Esperanto: suno) and dago for "day" (Ido: dio, Esperanto: tago).
Like Ido, Adjuvilo has five vowel phonemes. The vowels e and ɛ are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are o and ɔ. The combinations /au/ and /eu/ become diphthongs in word roots but not when adding affixes.[1]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | e ~ ɛ | o ~ ɔ |
| Open | a | |
| Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | ||||||||||
| Fricative | f | v | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | h | |||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||||||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||||||
Adjuvilo also uses the same orthography as Ido: the 26 letters as the English alphabet and ISO Basic Latin alphabet with three digraphs and no ligaturesordiacritics. The only modification is that the stress is always on the penultimate syllable like in Esperanto, whereas in Ido in the infinitive of the verbs the last syllable is stressed.
| Letter | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | most similar to a as in "father" |
| b | /b/ | b as in "stable" |
| c | /t͡s/ | ts as in "cats"; also used in the digraph ch |
| d | /d/ | d as in "adopt" |
| e | /e/, /ɛ/ | most similar to e as in "egg" or e as in "bet" |
| f | /f/ | f as in "afraid" |
| g | /ɡ/ | hard g as in "go" |
| h | /h/ | h as in "hat", "ahoy" |
| i | /i/ | i as in "machine", ee in "bee" |
| j | /ʒ/, /d͡ʒ/ | s as in "pleasure, measure" or g in "mirage, beige" |
| k | /k/ | k as in "skin, skip" |
| l | /l/ | most similar to l as in "lamb" |
| m | /m/ | m as in "admit" |
| n | /n/ | n as in "analogy" |
| o | /o/, /ɔ/ | most similar to o as in "or" |
| p | /p/ | p as in "spin, spark" |
| q | /k/ | same as k; used only in the digraph qu |
| r | /ɾ/ | tt as in American English "butter", or r as in veryinScottish English and heightened RP, see Pronunciation of English /r/ |
| s | /s/ | s as in "east"; also used in the digraph sh |
| t | /t/ | t as in "stake, stop" |
| u | /u/ | u as in "rude" |
| v | /v/ | v as in "avoid" |
| w | /w/ | w as in "award" |
| x | /ks/, /ɡz/ | x as in "except" or "exist" |
| y | /j/ | y as in "yes" |
| z | /z/ | z as in "zebra" |
The digraphs are:
| Digraph | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| ch | /t͡ʃ/ | ch as in "chick" |
| qu | /kw/, /kv/ | qu as in "quick" |
| sh | /ʃ/ | sh as in "shy" |
A sample of Adjuvilo, the often-translated Pater Noster:
| Adjuvilo[2] | Ido | Esperanto[3] |
|---|---|---|
Patro nosa, qua estan en cielos, |
Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo, |
Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo, |
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