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Emilian | |
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Emigliân, emigliàn | |
Pronunciation | IPA: [emiˈʎaːŋ] |
Native to | Italy |
Region | Primarily Emilia-Romagna. Border variants spoken in near Lombardy, Tuscany and Veneto's provinces. |
Ethnicity | 3.3 million (2008)[1] |
Native speakers | Unknown, c. 1.3 million (2006 estimate) (2006)[2] |
Dialects | see Dialectal varieties section |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | egl |
Glottolog | emil1241 |
Linguasphere | 51-AAA-oka ... -okh |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Emilian (Reggian, Parmesan and Modenese: emigliân, Bolognese emiliàn; Italian: emiliano) is a Gallo-Italic unstandardised language spoken in the historical regionofEmilia, which is now in the western part of Emilia-Romagna, Northern Italy.
Emilian has a default word orderofsubject–verb–object and both grammatical gender (masculine and feminine) and grammatical number (singular and plural). There is a strong T–V distinction, which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, courtesy, familiarity or insult. The alphabet, largely adapted from the Italian (Tuscan) one, uses a considerable number of diacritics.
Emilian is an unstandardized Gallo-Italic language spoken in the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy.
Besides Emilian, the Gallo-Italic family includes Romagnol, Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.
The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (assignorie then duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused a high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned.
Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects:[3]
Other definitions include the following:[citation needed]
There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.
Emilian | IPA | English |
---|---|---|
êit, èlt | [ɛːjt] | high |
lêregh | [ˈlɛːrɐg] | wide |
longh, loangh | [loŋg] | long, tall |
tōl, tegh | [toːl], [teg] | to take |
fâṡ, fâż | [faːz], [faːð̠] | beech |
bdoall | [b.dœl] | birch |
znêr, żnèr | [ð̠nɛːr] | January |
fervêr | [fɐrˈvɛr] | February |
ed, ad | [ɐd] | and |
dîṡ | [diːz] | to say, ten (only in Bolognese) |
ê, é | [e] | (he/she) is |
aloura | [ɐˈlɔu̯rɐ] | so, then |
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | ||
voiced | v | ð | z | |||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | central | j | w | |||
lateral | l | ʎ |
Front | Central | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | y | u uː | ||
Mid | e eː | ø | ə | o oː | |
ɛ ɛː | œ | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | ||
Open | æ | a aː |
Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.
The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.
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Historical linguistic minorities: Albanian, Catalan, Croatian, French, Franco-Provençal, Friulian, Germanic, Greek, Ladin, Occitan, Romani, Sardinian, Slovene | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Major branches |
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Eastern |
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Italo- Dalmatian |
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Western |
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Others |
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Reconstructed |
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