アメリカ合衆国の奴隷制度の歴史

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

:The history of slavery in the United States186513 
17891865

[]


47166217

1640186541[1]95311[2]

19[3][4]綿

17191,200[5][6]5.4645,000[7]1860調400

[]


16195060[8]使使使350調2018[8]50km[8] (1618-1623)4504,000調[9]20[8]20[8]

13[10]16501676

16401654

1705綿1790[11]172065[12]使

貿17741786貿1798[13]

17761850[]

[]


西綿西[14]西貿[15][16]

17901860100西18101830301018101860101010251989貿60701820301860[17]

貿西貿貿貿使[18]貿[19]

貿宿貿[20]

西貿


貿西 Berlin pg. 172-173


使[21]

綿[22]

綿181018301421840綿32[23]

奴隷の処遇[編集]


2

 Stampp, The Peculiar Institution pg. 171



 Davis pg. 196

: Black Codes[24][25]

One drop rule[26]

[27]

[24]

使

1990[27]

調5842[27]

[28]

[]


1600

[29]

18378[30]

奴隷制度廃止運動[編集]


17501780180418601[31]

1780

19

西

1830


18632

 (1810-60) 

 - 

 - 

 - 

 - 350

 (1700 - 1859)
  • ニューヨークの反乱、1712年
  • ストノの反乱、1739年、サウスカロライナ
  • ニューヨーク奴隷反乱、1741年
  • ガブリエルの反乱、1800年、バージニア州
  • ルイジアナ準州奴隷反乱、チャールズ・デスランズが指導、1811年
  • ジョージ・ボクスリーの反乱、1815年、バージニア州
  • デンマーク・ヴィージーの反乱、1822年、サウスカロライナ州
  • ナット・ターナーの反乱、1831年、バージニア州
  • アミスタッド号事件、1839年、スペイン船での反乱

緊張の高まり[編集]


1793綿綿綿50綿綿[32]

1835[33]177070018105[34]

17871808180811貿貿貿

貿貿貿18403

53185423

西1820

1845[35] 184418501860
1820年の奴隷分布
統計年 奴隷 自由
黒人
黒人計 自由
黒人比
全人口 黒人
比率
1790 697,681 59,527 757,208 7.9% 3,929,214 19%
1800 893,602 108,435 1,002,037 10.8% 5,308,483 19%
1810 1,191,362 186,446 1,377,808 13.5% 7,239,881 19%
1820 1,538,022 233,634 1,771,656 13.2% 9,638,453 18%
1830 2,009,043 319,599 2,328,642 13.7% 12,860,702 18%
1840 2,487,355 386,293 2,873,648 13.4% 17,063,353 17%
1850 3,204,313 434,495 3,638,808 11.9% 23,191,876 16%
1860 3,953,760 488,070 4,441,830 11.0% 31,443,321 14%
1870 0 4,880,009 4,880,009 100% 38,558,371 13%
Source: http://www.census.gov/population/documentation/twps0056/tab01.xls

ナット・ターナー、反教育法[編集]

1831年、バージニア州サザンプトン郡で奴隷による流血反乱が起こった。ナット・ターナーという奴隷は読み書きができ、「幻視」を見て、ナット・ターナーの反乱あるいはサザンプトン反乱と呼ばれる反乱を指導した。ナット・ターナーとその追随者は自分や他の奴隷を自由にするという目標をもって決起し、子供を含むおよそ50名の白人の男女殺害したが、結果的には白人民兵に鎮圧された。

ナット・ターナーは絞首刑になり体皮を剥かれた。その仲間として戦った連中も絞首刑にされた。白人民兵はナット・ターナーやその仲間を殺すだけで治まらず、反乱には関わっていなかった無実の100人以上の奴隷を殺害した。その反乱の後は、南部中で厳しい法律が制定され、アフリカ系アメリカ人の既に制限されていた権利をさらに抑えることになった。典型的なものはバージニア州で制定された奴隷、自由黒人および白人と黒人の混血児に対する教育を制限する法であった。だがしかし、これらの法を個人的に拒む者もいた。その中でも著名な者は後に南軍の将軍となったストーンウォール・ジャクソンであった。

1850年代から南北戦争へ[編集]

血を流すカンザス[編集]


1854

[]


62

185763[36]

1860[]


186044

10簿2400

退退西

[]


1861F1861使

1863111860調40012
1

186322418651865251865619610

[37] 418651213

[]



[]


1867[38] 19031944

[]


183235

T20315,000H使

[]


2007224728[39]50貿400

使[]


191820

 Jefferson, Thomas. "Like a fire bell in the night" Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820. Library of Congress. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

E1856

 Lee, R.E. "Robert E. Lee's opinion regarding slavery", , December 27, 1856. civilwarhome.com. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

[]


1837

 Beard C.A. and M.R. Beard. 1921. History of the United States. No copyright in the United States, p. 316.

[]

[]


1716701715貿24,00051,000[40]

1018301847184818501867[41]4[42]

[]


貿西41[43][44][11]

1800使1830[45]

100[46][47]


自由黒人と奴隷[編集]


18303,775802[48] 

綿 Franklin and Schweninger pg. 201



 Berlin, "Generations of Captivity" pg. 9

[49]便[50]

[51]191850[52]

[]


1993[53]1900

20B Kolchin pg. 134



姿[54]

202005

 Foner pg. xxii

193019401950調調使[55]

M19591970EL[56]姿1974

197019801930[57]

2019400調Project 1619[58]

脚注[編集]



(一)^ Otto H. Olsen (200412). Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States. Civil War History.  Southernhistory.net. 20071123

(二)^ James M. McPherson (1996). Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the American Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. p. 15. ISBN 0-19-509679-7 

(三)^ James Oliver Horton; Lois E. Horton (2005). Slavery and the Making of America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. p. 7. ISBN 0-19-517903-X. "貿綿" 

(四)^ Was slavery the engine of economic growth?.  Digital History. 20071123

(五)^ Ronald Segal (1995). The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. p. 4. ISBN 0-374-11396-3. "11,863,000西 [Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature," in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.] ... " 

(六)^ Quick guide: The slave trade.  bbc.co.uk (2007315). 20071123

(七)^ Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, . 27,233 Stephen Behrendt (1999). Transatlantic Slave Trade. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 0-465-00071-1 

(八)^ abcde   - 

(九)^ [1]

(十)^ "The curse of Cromwell", A Short History of Northern Ireland, BBC. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(11)^ ab"Slavery in America", Encyclopedia Britannica's Guide to Black History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(12)^ Trinkley, M. "Growth of South Carolina's Slave Population", South Carolina Information Highway. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(13)^ Morison and Commager: Growth of the American Republic, pp. 212-220.

(14)^ Kolchin pg. 96. As early as 1834, 綿185978綿10 Berlin pg. 166. 綿301820601850400

(15)^ Kolchin pg. 96

(16)^ Berlin pg. 161-162

(17)^ Berlin pg. 168-169. Kolchin pg. 96. 84 (pg. 582) 1830

(18)^ Berlin pg 166-169

(19)^ Kolchin pg. 98

(20)^ Berlin pg. 168-171

(21)^ Berlin pg. 174

(22)^ Berlin pg. 175-177

(23)^ Berlin pg. 179-180

(24)^ abGenovese (1967)

(25)^ Stampp, Kenneth M. "Interpreting the Slaveholders' World: a Review." 調

(26)^ Conrad P. Kottak, "What is hypodescent?", Human Diversity and "Race", Cultural Anthropology, Online Learning, McGraw Hill, accessed 21 April 2010.

(27)^ abcWeiss, T. "Review of Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman, "Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery", Economic History News Services - Book Reviews, November 16, 2001. Book review. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(28)^ Catterall, Helen T., Ed. 1926. Judicial Cases Concerning Slavery and the Negro. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institute, p. 247

(29)^ 貿 . BBC (2020728). 2024519

(30)^ Sklar, Kathryn. "Women who speak for an Entire Nation". American British Women Compared at the World Anti-slavery Convention, London 1840. The pacific Historical Review, Vol. 59, Wo. 4, Nov. 1990. Pp. 453-499.

(31)^ Richard S. Newman, Transformation of American abolitionism : fighting slavery in the early Republic chapter 1

(32)^ The People's Chronology, 1994 by James Trager

(33)^ de Toqueville pg. 367.

(34)^ Berlin, "Generations of Captivity" pg. 104

(35)^  14:1415 21:16253940 22:3151314 7:21,3:22

(36)^ Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978)

(37)^ E. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (1926) pp 268-70.

(38)^ 綿綿

(39)^ O'Dell, Larry (2007225). Virginia Apologizes for Role in Slavery. The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/25/AR2007022500470.html 

(40)^ Gallay, Alan. (2002) The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-171. Yale University Press: New York. ISBN 0-300-10193-7.

(41)^ Castillo, E.D. 1998. "Short Overview of California Indian History", California Native American Heritage Commission, 1998. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(42)^ Beasley, Delilah L. (1918). "Slavery in California," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 3, No. 1. (Jan.), pp. 33-44.

(43)^ Digital "African American Voices", Digital History. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(44)^ "Haida Warfare", civilization.ca. Retrieved October 24, 2007.

(45)^ A history of the descendants of the slaves of Cherokee can be found at Sturm, Circe. Blood Politics, Racial Classification, and Cherokee National Identity: The Trials and Tribulations of the Cherokee Freedmen. American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 1/2. (Winter - Spring, 1998), pp. 230-258. In 1835, 7.4% of Cherokee families held slaves. In comparison, nearly one third of white families living in Confederate states owned slaves in 1860. Further analysis of the 1835 Federal Cherokee Census can be found in Mcloughlin, WG. "The Cherokees in Transition: a Statistical Analysis of the Federal Cherokee Census of 1835". Journal of American History, Vol. 64, 3, 1977, p. 678. A discussion on the total number of Slave holding families can be found in Olsen, Otto H. Historians and the extent of slave ownership in the Southern United States. Civil War History, Dec. 2004 (Accessed here June 8, 2007)

(46)^ Duncan, J.W. 1928. "Interesting ante-bellum laws of the Cherokee, now Oklahoma history". Chronicles of Oklahoma 6(2):178-180. Retrieved July 13, 2007.

(47)^ Davis, J. B. 1933. "Slavery in the Cherokee nation". Chronicles of Oklahoma 11(4):1056-1072. Retrieved July 13, 2007.

(48)^ Stampp p. 194. Oakes p.47-48.

(49)^ Mason pg. 19-20

(50)^ Berlin, "Generations of Captivity" pg. 138

(51)^ Oakes pg. 47-48

(52)^ Oakes pg. 47-49

(53)^ Kolchin pg. 134

(54)^ Horton and Horton pg. 9. David and Temin (page 740) add, 

(55)^ Kolchin pg. 135. David and Temin pg. 741. 1956

(56)^ Kolchin pg. 136

(57)^ Kolchin pg. 137-143. Horton and Horton pg. 9

(58)^ Project 1619 Inc.

参考文献[編集]

一次史料[編集]

  • Albert, Octavia V. Rogers. The House of Bondage Or Charlotte Brooks and Other Slaves. Oxford University Press, 1991. Primary sources with commentary. ISBN 0-19-506784-3
  • Berlin, Ira, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowlands, eds. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867 5 vol Cambridge University Press, 1982. very large collection of primary sources regarding the end of slavery
  • Blassingame, John W., ed. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies.Louisiana State University Press, 1977.
  • A Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave (1845) (Project Gutenberg: [2]), (Audio book at FreeAudio.org [3])
  • "The Heroic Slave." Autographs for Freedom. Ed. Julia Griffiths Boston: Jewett and Company, 1853. 174-239. Available at the Documenting the American South website [4].
  • Frederick Douglass My Bondage and My Freedom (1855) (Project Gutenberg: [5])
  • Frederick Douglass Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (1892)
  • Frederick Douglass Collected Articles Of Frederick Douglass, A Slave (Project Gutenberg)
  • Frederick Douglass: Autobiographies by Frederick Douglass, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Editor. (Omnibus of all three) ISBN 0-940450-79-8
  • Rawick, George P., ed. The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography . 19 vols. Greenwood Publishing Company, 1972. Collection of WPA interviews made in 1930s with ex-slaves

歴史研究[編集]

  • Berlin, Ira. Generations of Captivity: A History of African American Slaves. (2003) ISBN 0-674-01061-2.
  • Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. Harvard University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-674-81092-9
  • Berlin, Ira and Ronald Hoffman, eds. Slavery and Freedom in the Age of the American Revolution University Press of Virginia, 1983. essays by scholars
  • Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-502563-6.
  • David, Paul A. and Temin, Peter. Slavery:The Progressive Institution? The Journal of Economic History. Vol. 34, No. 3 (September 1974)
  • David Brion Davis. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (2006)
  • De Tocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. (1994 Edition by Alfred A Knopf, Inc) ISBN 0-679-43134-9
  • Elkins, Stanley. Slavery : A Problem in American Institutional and Intellectual Life. University of Chicago Press, 1976. ISBN 0-226-20477-4
  • Fehrenbacher, Don E. Slavery, Law, and Politics: The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective Oxford University Press, 1981
  • Fogel, Robert W. Without Consent or Contract: The Rise and Fall of American Slavery W.W. Norton, 1989. Econometric approach
  • Foner, Eric. Forever Free.(2005) ISBN 0-375-40259-4
  • Franklin, John Hope and Schweninger. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. (1999) ISBN 0-19-508449-7.
  • Gallay, Alan. The Indian Slave Trade (2002).
  • Genovese, Eugene D. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made Pantheon Books, 1974.
  • Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (1967)
  • Genovese, Eugene D. and Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Fruits of Merchant Capital: Slavery and Bourgeois Property in the Rise and Expansion of Capitalism (1983)
  • Hahn, Steven. "The Greatest Slave Rebellion in Modern History: Southern Slaves in the American Civil War." Southern Spaces (2004)
  • Higginbotham, A. Leon, Jr. In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period. Oxford University Press, 1978. ISBN 0-19-502745-0
  • Horton, James Oliver and Horton, Lois E. Slavery and the Making of America. (2005) ISBN 0-19-517903-X
  • Kolchin, Peter. American Slavery, 1619-1877 Hill and Wang, 1993. Survey
  • Mason, Matthew. Slavery and Politics in the Early American Republic. (2006) ISBN 978-0-8078-3049-9.
  • Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia W.W. Norton, 1975.
  • Morris, Thomas D. Southern Slavery and the Law, 1619-1860 University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
  • Oakes, James. The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveholders. (1982) ISBN 0-393-31705-6.
  • Ransom, Roger L. Was It Really All That Great to Be a Slave? Agricultural History, Vol. 48, No. 4 (October 1974)
  • Scarborough, William K. The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (1984)
  • Stampp, Kenneth M. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South (1956) Survey
  • Stampp, Kenneth M. "Interpreting the Slaveholders' World: a Review." Agricultural History 1970 44(4): 407-412. ISSN 0002-1482
  • Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007.
  • Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2007.

地方ごとの研究[編集]

  • Fields, Barbara J. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland During the Nineteenth Century Yale University Press, 1985.
  • Clayton E. Jewett and John O. Allen; Slavery in the South: A State-By-State History Greenwood Press, 2004
  • Kulikoff, Alan. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800 University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
  • Minges, Patrick N.; Slavery in the Cherokee Nation: The Keetoowah Society and the Defining of a People, 1855-1867 2003 deals with Indian slave owners.
  • Mohr, Clarence L. On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia University of Georgia Press, 1986.
  • Mooney, Chase C. Slavery in Tennessee Indiana University Press, 1957.
  • Olwell, Robert. Masters, Slaves, & Subjects: The Culture of Power in the South Carolina Low Country, 1740-1790 Cornell University Press, 1998.
  • Reidy, Joseph P. From Slavery to Agrarian Capitalism in the Cotton Plantation South, Central Georgia, 1800-1880 University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
  • Ripley, C. Peter. Slaves and Freemen in Civil War Louisiana Louisiana State University Press, 1976.
  • Rivers, Larry Eugene. Slavery in Florida: Territorial Days to Emancipation University Press of Florida, 2000.
  • Sellers, James Benson; Slavery in Alabama University of Alabama Press, 1950
  • Sydnor, Charles S. Slavery in Mississippi. 1933
  • Takagi, Midori. Rearing Wolves to Our Own Destruction: Slavery in Richmond, Virginia, 1782-1865 University Press of Virginia, 1999.
  • Taylor, Joe Gray. Negro Slavery in Louisiana. Louisiana Historical Society, 1963.
  • Wood, Peter H. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion W.W. Norton & Company, 1974.

歴史学研究[編集]

  • John B. Boles and Evelyn T. Nolen, eds., Interpreting Southern History: Historiographical Essays in Honor of Sanford W. Higginbotham (1987).
  • Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", American Quarterly 29 (1977), 117-31. focus on Genovese
  • Peter Kolchin, "American Historians and Antebellum Southern Slavery, 1959-1984", in William J. Cooper, Michael F. Holt, and John McCardell , eds., A Master's Due: Essays in Honor of David Herbert Donald (1985), 87-111
  • James M. McPherson et al., Blacks in America: Bibliographical Essays (1971).
  • Peter J. Parish; Slavery: History and Historians Westview Press. 1989
  • Tulloch, Hugh. The Debate on the American Civil War Era (1999) ch 2-4

元奴隷の口伝による歴史[編集]

  • Before Freedom When I Just Can Remember: Twenty-seven Oral Histories of Former South Carolina Slaves, Belinda Hurmence, John F. Blair, Publisher, 1989, trade paperback 125 pages, ISBN 0-89587-069-X
  • Before Freedom: Forty-Eight Oral Histories of Former North & South Carolina Slaves, Belinda Hurmence, Mentor Books, 1990, mass market paperback, ISBN 0-451-62781-4
  • God Struck Me Dead, Voices of Ex-Slaves, Clifton H. Johnson ISBN 0-8298-0945-7

歴史小説[編集]

関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]