[accepted revision] | [accepted revision] |
Making Latin alphabet letter articles more consistent
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(16 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown) | |||
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|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#J|j(x)]], [[IJ (digraph)|ij]] |
|associates=[[List of Latin-script digraphs#J|j(x)]], [[IJ (digraph)|ij]] |
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|direction=Left-to-Right |
|direction=Left-to-Right |
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|image=File:Latin_letter_J.svg}} |
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}} |
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{{Latin letter info|j}} |
{{Latin letter info|j}} |
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Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
== History == |
== History == |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- bgcolor="#EEEEEE" |
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! Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ |
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! Phoenician <br/>[[Yodh]] |
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! Western Greek<br/>[[Iota]] |
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! Etruscan<br>I |
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! Latin<br/>I |
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! Latin<br/>J |
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|--- align=center |
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|[[File:Hiero D36.svg|alt=Egyptian Hieroglyph describing an arm|45px]] |
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|[[File:PhoenicianI-01.svg|30px]] |
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|[[File:Greek Iota normal.svg|50px]] |
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|[[File:EtruscanI-01.svg|25px]] |
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|[[File:Capitalis monumentalis I.svg|x30px|Latin I]] |
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|[[File:Capitalis monumentalis J.svg|x30px|Latin J]] |
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|} |
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[[File:Childs new plaything 1743 alphabet.jpg|thumb|right|Children's book from 1743, showing I and J considered as the same letter]] |
[[File:Childs new plaything 1743 alphabet.jpg|thumb|right|Children's book from 1743, showing I and J considered as the same letter]] |
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== Use in writing systems == |
== Use in writing systems == |
||
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |
||
|+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|j}} by language |
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|+List of pronunciations |
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! Orthography |
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! colspan="5" |Most common pronunciation: {{IPAslink|j}} ''Languages in italics do not use the [[Latin alphabet]]'' |
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! Phonemes |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Afrikaans alphabet|Afrikaans]] |
|||
!Language |
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| {{IPAslink|j}} |
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!Dialect(s) |
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!Pronunciation |
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([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) |
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!Environment |
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!Notes |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Albanian orthography|Albanian]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Afrikaans]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Romanization of Arabic|Arabic romanization]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Albanian language|Albanian]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} or {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Azeri]] |
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!''[[Arabic]]'' |
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| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
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![[Modern Standard Arabic|Standard]]; most dialects |
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|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} or {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
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| |
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|Latinization |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Basque orthography|Basque]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]] |
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| {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, {{IPAslink|j}}, {{IPAslink|ɟ}}, {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, {{IPAslink|x}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
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| |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[Cantonese]] ([[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Yale]]) |
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! rowspan="6" |[[Basque language|Basque]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Trask, R. L. (Robert Lawrence), 1944-2004.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34514667|title=The history of Basque|date=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-13116-2|location=London|oclc=34514667}}</ref> |
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| {{IPAslink|t͡s}} |
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![[Biscayan dialect|Bizkaian]] |
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|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
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| |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Cantonese]] ([[Jyutping]]) |
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![[Navarro-Lapurdian dialect|Lapurdian]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
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|also used in southwest Bizkaian |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Catalan orthography|Catalan]] |
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![[Navarro-Lapurdian dialect|Low Navarrese]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
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|also used in south Lapurdian |
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|- |
|- |
||
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Pinyin]]) |
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![[Upper Navarrese dialect|High Navarrese]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|tɕ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{nwr|[[Standard Chinese]]}} ([[Wade–Giles]]) |
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![[Gipuzkoan dialect|Gipuzkoan]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ʐ}} |
||
| |
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|also used in east Bizkaian |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Czech orthography|Czech]] |
|||
![[Souletin dialect|Zuberoan]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Danish orthography|Danish]] |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Cantonese]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
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|[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|Yale romanisation]] |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Dutch orthography|Dutch]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
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| {{IPAslink|j}} |
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| |
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|[[Jyutping]] romanisation |
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|- |
|- |
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! [[English orthography|English]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Catalan language|Catalan]] |
|||
| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Esperanto orthography|Esperanto]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Czech language|Czech]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} or {{IPAslink|i̯}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Estonian orthography|Estonian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Danish language|Danish]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Filipino orthography|Filipino]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, {{IPAslink|h}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Finnish orthography|Finnish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[English language|English]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[French orthography|French]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Esperanto]] |
|||
| |
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[German orthography|German]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Estonian language|Estonian]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Greenlandic orthography|Greenlandic]] |
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! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Filipino language|Filipino]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
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| English loan words |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Hindi]] ([[Hunterian transliteration|Hunterian]]) |
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|{{IPAslink|h}} |
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| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
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| |
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| Spanish loan words |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Hokkien]] ([[Pe̍h-ōe-jī]], [[Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn|Tâi-lô]]) |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Finnish language|Finnish]] |
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| {{IPAslink|dz}} ~ {{IPAslink|dʑ}}, {{IPAslink|z}} ~ {{IPAslink|ʑ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Hungarian orthography|Hungarian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[French language|French]] |
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|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Icelandic orthography|Icelandic]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[German language|German]] |
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|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Igbo alphabet|Igbo]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Greenlandic language|Greenlandic]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Indonesian orthography|Indonesian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |''[[Hindi]]'' |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
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|Latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Italian orthography|Italian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''[[Hokkien]]'' |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ([[Hepburn romanization|Hepburn]]) |
|||
|{{IPAslink|z}}~{{IPAslink|ʑ}} |
|||
| {{IPAslink|ʑ}}, {{IPAslink|dʑ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ([[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]]) |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|c}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Kiowa alphabet|Kiowa]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|t}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Konkani alphabets|Konkani]] (Roman) |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Igbo language|Igbo]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Korean language|Korean]] ([[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]) |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ts}} ~ {{IPAslink|tɕ}}, {{IPAslink|dz}} ~ {{IPAslink|dʑ}} |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Kurdish orthography|Kurdish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Italian language|Italian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Luxembourgish alphabet|Luxembourgish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Japanese language|''Japanese'']] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ʑ}} and {{IPAslink|dʑ}} distinct in some dialects, see ''[[Yotsugana]]'' |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Latvian orthography|Latvian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Khmer language|''Khmer'']] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
|[[Romanization of Khmer#ALA-LC Romanization Tables|ALA-LC]] latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Lithuanian orthography|Lithuanian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Kiowa language|Kiowa]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Malay orthography|Malay]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Konkani language|''Konkani'']] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Maltese orthography|Maltese]] |
|||
! rowspan="4" |[[Korean language|''Korean'']] |
|||
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[North–South differences in the Korean language|North]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ts}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
||
! [[Manx orthography|Manx]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dz}} |
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| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
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|after vowels |
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| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Norwegian orthography|Norwegian]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[North–South differences in the Korean language|South]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Oromo language|Oromo]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʑ}} |
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| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
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|after vowels |
|||
| |
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|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Pashto language|Pashto]] romanization |
||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Polish orthography|Polish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Luxembourgish]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|j}} |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Portuguese orthography|Portuguese]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
|||
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
|Some loan words |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Romanian orthography|Romanian]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Latvian language|Latvian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] |
||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Shona alphabet|Shona]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Maltese language|Maltese]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Slovak orthography|Slovak]] |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[Mandarin Chinese|''Mandarin'']] |
|||
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[Standard Chinese|Standard]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|tɕ}} |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Pinyin]] latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Slovenian orthography|Slovenian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}} |
|||
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
|[[Wade–Giles]] latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Somali orthography|Somali]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Manx language|Manx]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Spanish orthography|Spanish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|x}} ~ {{IPAslink|h}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Swahili orthography|Swahili]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Oromo language|Oromo]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Swedish orthography|Swedish]] |
|||
! colspan="2" |''[[Pashto]]'' |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|j}} |
||
| |
|||
|Latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Tamil orthography|Tamil]] romanization |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Polish language|Polish]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink| |
| {{IPAslink|dʑ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Romanian language|Romanian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Scottish Gaelic|Scots]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Shona language|Shona]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Slovak language|Slovak]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Somali language|Somali]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! rowspan="2" |[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |
|||
![[Standard Spanish|Standard]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|x}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
!Some dialects |
|||
|{{IPAslink|h}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Swahili language|Swahili]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Swedish language|Swedish]] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|j}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
! colspan="2" |[[Tamil language|''Tamil'']] |
|||
|{{IPAslink|dʑ}} |
|||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Tatar alphabet|Tatar]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|ʐ}} |
| {{IPAslink|ʐ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Telugu orthography|Telugu]] romanization |
||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Turkish orthography|Turkish]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Turkmen orthography|Turkmen]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
![[Urdu language|Urdu]] ([[Roman Urdu|Roman]]) |
||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
|Latinization |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Yoruba orthography|Yoruba]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
| {{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|- |
||
! |
! [[Zulu alphabet|Zulu]] |
||
|{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
| {{IPAslink|dʒ}} |
||
| |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|} |
||
Line 456: | Line 281: | ||
In English, {{angbr|j}} is the [[Letter frequency|fourth least frequently used letter]] in words, being more frequent only than {{angbr|[[z]]}}, {{angbr|[[q]]}}, and {{angbr|[[x]]}}. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names. |
In English, {{angbr|j}} is the [[Letter frequency|fourth least frequently used letter]] in words, being more frequent only than {{angbr|[[z]]}}, {{angbr|[[q]]}}, and {{angbr|[[x]]}}. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names. |
||
=== Germanic and eastern European languages === |
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The great majority of [[Germanic languages]], such as [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use {{angbr|j}} for the [[palatal approximant]] {{IPAslink|j}}, which is usually represented by the letter {{angbr|y}} in English. Notable exceptions are [[English language|English]], [[Scots language|Scots]] and (to a lesser degree) [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]. {{angbr|j}} also represents {{IPAslink|j}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and those [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Baltic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, such as [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], also adopted {{angbr|j}} into the [[Je (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic alphabet]] for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the [[lower case]] letter was chosen to be used in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] as the phonetic symbol for the sound. |
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=== Romance languages === |
=== Romance languages === |
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=== Other European languages === |
=== Other European languages === |
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The great majority of [[Germanic languages]], such as [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use {{angbr|j}} for the [[palatal approximant]] {{IPAslink|j}}, which is usually represented by the letter {{angbr|y}} in English. Other than English, notable exceptions are [[Scots language|Scots]], where it represents {{IPAslink|dʒ}}, and [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]], where it represents both {{IPAslink|j}} and {{IPAslink|ʒ}}. |
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The letter also represents {{IPAslink|j}} in [[Albanian language|Albanian]], the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] languages spoken in Europe, and those [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] and [[Baltic languages]] that use the Latin alphabet, such as [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Serbo-Croatian]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]], [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]] and [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], also adopted {{angbr|j}} into the [[Je (Cyrillic)|Cyrillic alphabet]] for the same purpose. |
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The [[Maltese language]] is a Semitic language, not a Romance language; but has been deeply influenced by them (especially Sicilian) and it uses {{angbr|j}} for the sound /j/ (cognate of the [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] ''yod''). |
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The [[Maltese language]], though a [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]], has been deeply influenced by the Romance languages (especially Sicilian), and also uses {{angbr|j}} for {{IPAslink|j}}. |
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In [[Basque language|Basque]], the [[diaphoneme]] represented by {{angbr|j}} has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: {{IPA|[j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x]}} (the last one is typical of [[Gipuzkoa]]). |
In [[Basque language|Basque]], the [[diaphoneme]] represented by {{angbr|j}} has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: {{IPA|[j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x]}} (the last one is typical of [[Gipuzkoa]]). |
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The [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] languages spoken in Europe use {{angbr|j}} for {{IPA|[j]}}. |
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=== Other languages === |
=== Other languages === |
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Among non-European languages that have adopted the [[Latin script]], {{angbr|j}} stands for {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], for {{IPAslink|ʐ}} in [[Tatar language|Tatar]] |
Among non-European languages that have adopted the [[Latin script]], {{angbr|j}} stands for {{IPAslink|ʒ}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], for {{IPAslink|ʐ}} in [[Tatar language|Tatar]], and for {{IPAslink|dʒ}} in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], [[Somali language|Somali]], [[Malay language|Malay]], [[Igbo language|Igbo]], [[Shona language|Shona]], [[Oromo language|Oromo]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], and [[Zulu language|Zulu]]. It represents a [[voiced palatal plosive]] {{IPAslink|ɟ}} in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. In [[Kiowa language|Kiowa]], {{angbr|j}} stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, {{IPAslink|t}}. |
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{{angbr|j}} stands for {{IPAslink|dʒ}} in the romanization systems of most of the [[languages of India]] such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and stands for {{IPAslink|dʑ}} in the romanization of [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]]. |
{{angbr|j}} stands for {{IPAslink|dʒ}} in the romanization systems of most of the [[languages of India]] such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and stands for {{IPAslink|dʑ}} in the romanization of [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Korean language|Korean]]. |
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Following Spanish usage, {{angbr|j}} represents {{IPA|[x]}} or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], such as {{IPA|[χ]}} in [[Mayan languages]] ([[Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala|ALMG]] alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for [[Aymara language#Orthography|Aymara]]. |
Following Spanish usage, {{angbr|j}} represents {{IPA|[x]}} or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for [[indigenous languages of the Americas]], such as {{IPA|[χ]}} in [[Mayan languages]] ([[Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala|ALMG]] alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for [[Aymara language#Orthography|Aymara]]. |
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=== Other writing systems === |
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In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], {{angbr IPA|j}} is used for the [[voiced palatal approximant]], and a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩ is used to represent [[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]]. |
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== Other uses == |
== Other uses == |
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=== Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span> === |
=== Computing <span class="anchor" id="Computing codes"></span> === |
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{{charmap |
{{charmap |
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| 004a | 006a | 0237 | name1 = Latin Capital Letter J | name2 = Latin Small Letter J | name3 = Latin Small Letter dotless J |
| 004a | 006a | 0237 | FF2A | FF4A | name1 = Latin Capital Letter J | name2 = Latin Small Letter J | name3 = Latin Small Letter dotless J |
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| name4 = FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J |
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| name5 = FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER J |
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| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D1 | map1char2 = 91 |
| map1 = [[EBCDIC]] family | map1char1 = D1 | map1char2 = 91 |
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| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 4a | map2char2 = 6a |
| map2 = [[ASCII]] <sup>1</sup> | map2char1 = 4a | map2char2 = 6a |
J | |||
---|---|---|---|
J j | |||
Usage | |||
Writing system | Latin script | ||
Type | Alphabetic | ||
Language of origin | Latin language | ||
Phonetic usage | [j] [dʒ]~[tʃ] [x~h] [ʒ] [ɟ] [ʝ] [dz] [tɕ] [gʱ] [ts] [dʑ] [ʐ] [ʃ] [c̬] [i] /dʒeɪ/ /dʒaɪ/ | ||
Unicode codepoint | U+004A, U+006A, U+0237 | ||
Alphabetical position | 10 | ||
History | |||
Development |
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Time period | 14th century[1] to present | ||
Descendants | • Ɉ • Tittle • J | ||
Sisters | І Ј י ي ܝ ی ࠉ 𐎊 ዪ Ⴢ ⴢ ჲ | ||
Other | |||
Other letters commonly used with | j(x), ij | ||
Writing direction | Left-to-Right | ||
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
ISO basic Latin alphabet |
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AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz |
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J, or j, is the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name in English is jay (pronounced /ˈdʒeɪ/), with a now-uncommon variant jy /ˈdʒaɪ/.[2][3]
When used in the International Phonetic Alphabet for the voiced palatal approximant (the sound of "y" in "yes") it may be called yodorjod (pronounced /ˈjɒd/or/ˈjoʊd/).[4]
Egyptian hieroglyph ꜥ | Phoenician Yodh |
Western Greek Iota |
Etruscan I |
Latin I |
Latin J |
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The letter J used to be used as the swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral twenty-three. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[5] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[6] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; however, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English language word "yet").
In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cᵹ⟩[7] (equivalent to ⟨cg⟩, as ⟨ᵹ⟩ in Old English was simply the regular form of the letter G, called Insular G). Middle English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ under the influence of Old French, which had a similarly pronounced phoneme deriving from Latin /j/ (for example, iest and later jest), while the same sound in other positions could be spelled as ⟨dg⟩ (for example, hedge).[7] The first English language books to make a clear distinction in writing between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ were the King James Bible 1st Revision Cambridge 1629 and an English grammar book published in 1633.[8][citation needed]
Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). In loanwords such as bijouorDijon, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/, as in modern French. In some loanwords, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of hyperforeignism, a type of hypercorrection.[9] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents its original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, such as jalapeño, English speakers usually pronounce ⟨j⟩ as the voiceless glottal fricative /h/, an approximation of the Spanish pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ (usually transcribed as a voiceless velar fricative [x], although some varieties of Spanish use glottal [h]).
In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.
In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan (except Valencian), and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Valencian and Occitan it has the same sound as in English, /dʒ/. In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x/or/h/,[10] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect.
⟨j⟩ is not commonly used in modern standard Italian spelling. Only proper nouns (such as Jesi and Letojanni), Latin words (Juventus), or words borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. The proper nouns and Latin words are pronounced with the palatal approximant /j/, while words borrowed from foreign languages tend to follow that language's pronunciation of ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩indiphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict in official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialectal spelling, e.g. Romanesco dialect ⟨ajo⟩ [ajo] (garlic; cf. Italian aglio [aʎo]). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[11]
The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Other than English, notable exceptions are Scots, where it represents /dʒ/, and Luxembourgish, where it represents both /j/ and /ʒ/.
The letter also represents /j/inAlbanian, the Uralic languages spoken in Europe, and those Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovenian, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose.
The Maltese language, though a Semitic language, has been deeply influenced by the Romance languages (especially Sicilian), and also uses ⟨j⟩ for /j/.
InBasque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).
Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/inTurkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/inTatar, and for /dʒ/inIndonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/inKonkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.
⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the romanization of Japanese and Korean.
For Chinese languages, ⟨j⟩ stands for /t͡ɕ/inMandarin Chinese Pinyin system, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩ (/t͡ɕʰ/). In Wade–Giles, ⟨j⟩ stands for Mandarin Chinese /ʐ/. Pe̍h-ōe-jīofHokkien and Tâi-lô for Taiwanese Hokkien, ⟨j⟩ stands for /z/ and /ʑ/, or /d͡z/ and /d͡ʑ/, depending on accents. In Cantonese, ⟨j⟩ stands for /j/inJyutping and /t͡s/inYale.
The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ]orช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).
In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].
InGreenlandic and in the Qaniujaaqpait spelling of the Inuktitut language, ⟨j⟩ is used to transcribe /j/.
Following Spanish usage, ⟨j⟩ represents [x] or similar sounds in many Latin-alphabet-based writing systems for indigenous languages of the Americas, such as [χ]inMayan languages (ALMG alphabet) and a glottal fricative [h] in some spelling systems used for Aymara.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨j⟩ is used for the voiced palatal approximant, and a superscript ⟨ʲ⟩ is used to represent palatalization.
Preview | J | j | ȷ | J | j | |||||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J | LATIN SMALL LETTER J | LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J | FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J | FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER J | |||||
Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
Unicode | 74 | U+004A | 106 | U+006A | 567 | U+0237 | 65322 | U+FF2A | 65354 | U+FF4A |
UTF-8 | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A | 200 183 | C8 B7 | 239 188 170 | EF BC AA | 239 189 138 | EF BD 8A |
Numeric character reference | J |
J |
j |
j |
ȷ |
ȷ |
J |
J |
j |
j |
Named character reference | ȷ | |||||||||
EBCDIC family | 209 | D1 | 145 | 91 | ||||||
ASCII 1 | 74 | 4A | 106 | 6A |
Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[16]
In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[17][18] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[19][20]
In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face, sometimes creating confusion in emails after formatting is removed and a smiley turns back into an out-of-context "J".[21] (this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺︎). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[22]
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Juliet |
▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ |
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