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(Top) 1 Features 2 Occurrence 2.1 Palatal or alveolo-palatal 2.2 Post-palatal 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Voiceless palatal plosive

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Voiceless palatal plosive
c
IPA Number	107
Audio sample
source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	`c`
Unicode (hex)	U+0063
X-SAMPA	`c`
Braille

Voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive
c̟
t̠ʲ

The voiceless palatal plosiveorstop is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal plosive may be transcribed as ⟨c̟⟩ (advanced ⟨c⟩) or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨t⟩), but these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_+ and t_-'ort_-_j, respectively. There is also a non-IPA letter U+0236 ȶ LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CURL; ⟨ȶ⟩ ("t", plus the curl found in the symbols for alveolo-palatal sibilant fricatives ⟨ɕ, ʑ⟩) is used especially in sinological circles.

It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between plosive and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also the voiceless post-palatal plosive^[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical palatal consonant, though not as back as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨c̠⟩ (retracted ⟨c⟩) or ⟨k̟⟩ (advanced ⟨k⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are c_- and k_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiceless post-palatal plosive may be transcribed as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive (⟨kʲ⟩ in the IPA, k'ork_j in X-SAMPA).

Features[edit]

Features of the voiceless palatal stop:

Its manner of articulationisocclusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulationispalatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound closer to the velar [k].
- Alveolo-palatal variant is articulated also with the blade of the tongue at or behind the alveolar ridge.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanismispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Palatal or alveolo-palatal[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Albanian^[2]		shqip	[ʃcip]	'Albanian'	Merged with [t͡ʃ]inGheg Albanian and some speakers of Tosk Albanian.^[3]
Asturian	Western dialects^[4]	muyyer	[muˈceɾ]	'woman'	Alternate evolution of -lj-, -c'l-, pl-, cl- and fl- in the Brañas Vaqueiras area of Western Asturias. May be also realized as [c͡ç]or[ɟ͡ʝ]
Amuzgo	Xochistlahuaca variety^[5]	tyaáⁿ	[cã́]	'clumsy; a clumsy person'
Basque		ttantta	[cäɲcä]	'droplet'
Blackfoot		ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ / akikoan	[aˈkicoan]	'girl'	Allophone of /k/ after front vowels.
Bulgarian	Banat dialect	kaćétu (каќетуorкакьету)	[kacetu]	'as'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan	Majorcan^[6]	qui	[ˈci̞]	'who'	Dento-alveolo-palatal or palatal.^[7] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Corsican		chjodu	[ˈcoːdu]	'nail'	Also present in the Gallurese dialect
Croatian		već	[vec]	'already'	Dialect of the Croatian Littoral
Czech		čeština	[ˈt͡ʃɛʃc̟ɪna]	'Czech' (language)	Alveolo-palatal or alveolar.^[7] See Czech phonology
Dawsahak		[cɛːˈnɐ]		'small'
Dinka		car	[car]	'black'
Ega^[8]		[cá]		'understand'
French^[7]		qui	[ci]	'who' (int.)	Ranges from alveolar to palatal. See French phonology
Friulian		cjase	[caze]	'house'
Ganda		caayi	[caːji]	'tea'
Gweno		[ca]		'to come'
Hakka	Meixian	飛機 / fi¹ gi¹	[fi˦ ci˦]	'plane'	Allophone of /k/ before /i/.
Hokkien	Taiwanese	機車 / ki-tshia	[ciː˧ t͡ɕʰia˥]	'motorcycle'
Hungarian^[9]		tyúk	[c̟uːk]	'hen'	Alveolo-palatal.^[7] See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic		gjóla	[ˈc̟ouːlä]	'light wind'	Alveolo-palatal.^[7] See Icelandic phonology
Irish		ceist	[cɛʃtʲ]	'question'	Alveolo-palatal or palatal.^[7] See Irish phonology
Khasi		boit	[bɔc]	'dwarf'
Khmer		ចាប / chab	[caːp]	'bird'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Kinyarwanda		ikintu	[iciːnɦuʰ]	'thing'
Kurdish	Northern	kîso	[cʰiːsoː]	'tortoise'	Allophone of /kʰ/ before /ɨ/, /ɛ/, /iː/, and /eː/. See Kurdish phonology
	Central	کیسەڵ	[cʰiːsæɫ]
	Southern	کیسەڵ	[cʰiːsaɫ]
Latvian		ķirbis	[ˈcirbis]	'pumpkin'	See Latvian phonology
Low German	Plautdietsch	kjoakj	[coac]	'church'	Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects.^{[clarification needed]}
Macedonian		вреќа	[ˈvrɛca]	'sack'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay	Kelantan-Pattani	cita	[ci.tɔʔ]	'feeling'	Palatal,^[10] allophone of /tʃ/. See Malay phonology
Malay	Indonesian	cari	[cari]	'to find'	Palatal,^[10] allophone of /tʃ/. See Malay phonology
Norwegian	Central dialects^[11]	fett	[fɛcː]	'fat'	See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Northern dialects^[11]	fett	[fɛcː]	'fat'	See Norwegian phonology
Occitan	Limousin	tireta	[ciˈʀetɒ]	'drawer'
	Auvergnat	tirador	[ciʀaˈdu]	'drawer'
	Western Gascon	chifra	[ˈcifrə]	'digit'	Corresponds to [tʃ] and sometimes [dʒ] in eastern dialects
Romanian^[12]		chin	[cin]	'torture'	Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology. Also in some northern dialects
Romansh	Sursilvan^[13]	notg	[nɔc]	'night'
	Sutsilvan^[14]	tgàn	[caŋ]	'dog'
	Surmiran^[15]	vatgas	[ˈvɑcɐs]	'cows'
	Puter^[16]	zücher	[ˈtsycər]	'sugar'
	Vallader^[17]	müs-chel	[ˈmyʃcəl]	'moss'
Slovak^[7]		ťava	[ˈcava]	'camel'	See Slovak phonology
Spanish	Canarian	choco	[ˈc̟oko]	'cuttlefish'	Alveolo-palatal. Used to be voiced.^[18] Corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects of Spanish (speakers from other areas of Spain mishear it as [ʝ]).
Turkish		köy	[cʰœj]	'village'	See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese^[19]		chị	[ci˧ˀ˨ʔ]	'elder sister'	May be slightly affricated [tᶝ ]. See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		tjems	[cɛms]	'strainer'	See West Frisian phonology
Western Desert		kutju	[kucu]	'one'
Damin		dunji-kan	[t̺un̺t̠ʲi kan̺]	'go'

Post-palatal[edit]


Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Belarusian		кіслы	[ˈk̟is̪ɫ̪ɨ]	'acidic'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Belarusian phonology
Catalan^[20]		qui	[k̟i]	'who'	Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.^[20] See Catalan phonology
Danish	Standard^[21]	gidsel	[ˈk̟isəl]	'hostage'	Allophone of /ɡ/ before front vowels.^[21] See Danish phonology
English^[22]^[23]		keen	[k̟ʰiːn]^ⓘ	'keen'	Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/.^[22]^[23] See English phonology
English^[22]^[23]		back	bæc̠	back	Mainstream Irish English realisation of /k/ after front vowels.^[24]
German	Standard^[25]^[26]	Kind	[k̟ʰɪnt]	'child'	Allophone of /k/ before and after front vowels.^[25]^[26] See Standard German phonology
Greek^[27]		Μακεδνός	[mɐc̠e̞ˈðno̞s̠]^ⓘ	'Makedon'	See Modern Greek phonology
Italian	Standard^[28]	chi	[k̟i]^ⓘ	'who'	Allophone of /k/ before /i, e, ɛ, j/.^[28] See Italian phonology
Polish		kiedy	[ˈk̟ɛdɨ]	'when'	See Polish phonology
Portuguese		qui	[k̟i]	'Chi'	Allophone of /k/ before front vowels. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian^[29]		ochi	[o̞k̟]	'eye'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Romanian phonology
Russian	Standard^[30]	кит / kit	[k̟it̪]	'whale'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩. See Russian phonology
Spanish^[31]		kilo	[ˈk̟ilo̞]	'kilo(gram)'	Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.^[31] See Spanish phonology
Tidore		yaci	[jaci]	'to rip'
Ukrainian		кінчик	[ˈk̟inʲt͡ʃɪk]^ⓘ	'tip'	Can also be transcribed in IPA with ⟨kʲ⟩, but is an allophone of /k/ before front vowels. See Ukrainian phonology
Vietnamese		^{[example needed]}			Final allophone of /c/. See Vietnamese phonology

Notes[edit]

^ Instead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal".

^ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.

^ Kolgjini (2004).

^ "Tinéu. Mapa del conceyu | El Teixu" (in Asturian). Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-11-24.

^ Dobui (2021).

^ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Recasens (2013), pp. 11–13.

^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.

^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.

^ Jiang Wu (2023). Malayic varieties of Kelantan and Terengganu. Amsterdam: LOT Publications. p. 42. ISBN 978-94-6093-436-0.

^ ^a ^b Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.

^ DEX Online: [1]^{[permanent dead link]}

^ Menzli (1993), p. 92.

^ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.

^ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.

^ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.

^ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.

^ Herrera Santana, Juana (2007). "Variación dialectal: procesos de convergencia y divergencia en el español de Canarias". Revista de Filología de la Universidad de la Laguna (in Spanish) (25): 337–346. ISSN 0212-4130.

^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

^ ^a ^b Rafel (1999), p. 14.

^ ^a ^b Grønnum (2005), p. 124.

^ ^a ^b Cruttenden (2014), p. 181.

^ ^a ^b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).

^ "Variation and Change in Dublin English, (c) Raymond Hickey". www.raymondhickey.com. Retrieved 2023-12-14.

^ ^a ^b Wiese (1996), p. 271.

^ ^a ^b Krech et al. (2009), pp. 49, 92.

^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.

^ ^a ^b Canepari (1992), p. 62.

^ Sarlin (2014), p. 17.

^ Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015), p. 223.

^ ^a ^b Canellada & Madsen (1987), p. 20.

References[edit]

Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11

Canellada, María Josefa; Madsen, John Kuhlmann (1987), Pronunciación del español: lengua hablada y literaria, Madrid: Castalia, ISBN 978-8470394836

Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 978-88-08-24624-0

Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X

Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092

Dobui, Bien (2021), "Nasal allophony and nasalization in Xochistlahuaca Amuzgo", Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics, 6 (1), doi:10.5334/gjgl.1056

Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 978-87-500-3865-8

Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington

Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6

Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell

Liver, Ricarda (1999), Rätoromanisch: Eine Einführung in das Bünderromanische, Gunter Narr Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8233-4973-0

Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University

Menzli, Gierdi (1993), Cuors da romontsch sursilvan: Lecziuns 1–18, Ligia romontscha

Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6

Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 978-84-7283-446-0

Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199, S2CID 145463946, archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2021

Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878, S2CID 14140079

Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5

Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)

Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232

Wiese, Richard (1996), The Phonology of German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-824040-2

Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links[edit]

List of languages with [c]onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA

Special topics

Encodings

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥