Pazeh language: Difference between revisions

{{Use American English|date=May 2021}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2021}}

| name = Pazeh

| states = [[Taiwan]]

| region =

| ethnicity = [[Pazeh people]], [[Kaxabu people]]

| speakers = 0

| date = 2010

| ref = e24

| familycolor = Austronesian

| fam2 = [[Northwest Formosan languages|Northwest Formosan]]

| iso3 = pzh

| glotto = paze1234

| map = Formosan languages.png

| mapcaption = (pink, northwest) Saisiyat, Pazeh and Kulon. Some Chinese-language sources designate the white area in the northwest as a Kulon area, as opposed to the small pink circle on this map.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-08-06 |title=Táiwān yuánzhùmín píngpǔ zúqún bǎinián fēnlèi shǐ xìliè dìtú |script-title=zh:臺灣原住民平埔族群百年分類史系列地圖 |trans-title=AHistory of the Classification of Plains Taiwanese Tribes Over the Past Century |url=http://blog.xuite.net/hqq.hqq/blog/25870376-%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%94%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%A4%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%8F%B2%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96 |access-date=2017-03-04 |website=blog.xuite.net |language=zh}}</ref>

| dia1 = Pazeh

| dia2 = Kaxabu

| notice = IPA

'''Pazeh''' (also spelled '''Pazih''', '''Pazéh''') and '''Kaxabu''' are dialects of an extinct language of the [[Pazeh people|Pazeh]] and [[Kaxabu people|Kaxabu]], neighboring [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]]. The language was [[Formosan language|Formosan]], of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family. The last remaining native speaker of the Pazeh dialect died in 2010.

==Classification==

{{expand section|date=September 2021}}

Pazeh is classified as a [[Formosan language|Formosan]] language of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] language family.

==History==

{{expand section|date=September 2021}}

Due to prejudice faced by the Pazeh, as well as other indigenous groups of Taiwan, [[Hoklo Taiwanese]] came to displace Pazeh.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hua |first1=Meng-ching |last2=Pan |first2=Jason |date=15 June 2014 |title=Pazeh Writers Get Awards for Preserving Language |language=en |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/15/2003592824}}</ref>

The last remaining native speaker of the Pazeh dialect, [[Pan Jin-yu]],<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=322}}</ref> died in 2010 at the age of 96.<ref name="extinct">{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Jen-kuei 李壬癸 |date=2010-10-29 |title=Xià yīgè xiāoshī de yǔyán shì? |script-title=zh:下一個消失的語言是？ |trans-title=Which Language Will Be Extinct Next in Taiwan? |url=http://udn.com/NEWS/OPINION/X1/5940758.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029190959/http://udn.com/NEWS/OPINION/X1/5940758.shtml |archive-date=2010-10-29 |website=udn.com |language=zh}}</ref> Before her death, she offered Pazeh classes to about 200 regular students in Puli and a small number of students in Miaoli and Taichung.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |last=Loa |first=Iok-sin |date=26 June 2008 |title=Pazeh Poets Honored at Ceremony |language=en |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/06/26/2003415773}}</ref> However, there are still efforts in revival of the language after her death.

Pazeh has 17 consonants, 4 vowels, and 4 [[diphthong]]s (-ay, -aw, -uy, -iw).<ref name="blust1999">{{harvcoltxt|Blust|1999}}</ref>

| {{IPA link|m}}||{{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}}||

| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}||{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}} || ||{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}³ || ({{IPA link|ʔ}})²

| || {{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}}⁴|| ||{{IPA link|x}} || {{IPA link|h}}⁵

| || {{IPA link|ɾ}}|| || ||

| || {{IPA link|l}}|| {{IPA link|j}} ||{{IPA link|w}} ||

Although Pazeh contrasts voiced and voiceless obstruents, this contrast is neutralized in final position for labial and velar stops, where only {{IPA|/p/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} occur respectively ({{IPA|/d/}} is also devoiced but a contrast is maintained). {{IPA|/l/}} and {{IPA|/n/}} are also neutralized to the latter.<ref name="Blust 1999 p324">{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=324}}</ref> Voiceless stops are unreleased in final position.

| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}

| ({{IPA link|ɛ}})|| {{IPA link|ə}} ||({{IPA link|o}})

| || {{IPA link|a}} ||

The most common morpheme structure is CVCVC where C is any consonant and V is any vowel. Consonant clusters are rare and consist only of a nasal plus a homorganic obstruent or the glide element of a diphthong.<ref name="Blust 1999 p324" />

Intervocalic voiceless stops are voiced before a morpheme boundary (but not following one) .<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=326}}</ref> Stress falls on the ultimate syllable.<ref name="Blust 1999 p324" />

Like [[Bunun language|Bunun]], [[Seediq language|Seediq]], Squliq [[Atayal language|Atayal]], Mantauran [[Rukai language|Rukai]], and the [[Tsouic languages]],<ref>Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (1997).『A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages – Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns.』In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2004). Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica.</ref> Pazeh does not distinguish between common nouns and personal names, whereas Saisiyat does (Li 2000). Although closely related to Saisiyat, the Pazeh language does not have the infix -um- that is present in Saisiyat.

!3s. (prox.)

!3p. (prox.)

Pazeh and Saisiyat are the only [[Formosan languages]] that do not have a bipartite numerical system consisting of both human and non-human numerals (Li 2006).<ref name="Li2006">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Paul Jen-kuei |date=2006 |title=Numerals in Formosan Languages |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=133–152 |doi=10.1353/ol.2006.0014 |jstor=4499950 |s2cid=146593890}}</ref> Pazeh is also the only language that forms the numerals 6 to 9 by addition (However, Saisiyat, which is closely related to Pazeh, expresses the number 7as6 + 1, and 9 as 10 − 1.)

*1 = {{lang|pzh|ida adang}}

The number "five" in Pazeh, ''xasep'', is similar to Saisiyat ''Laseb'', Taokas ''hasap'', Babuza ''nahup'', and Hoanya ''hasip'' (Li 2006). Li (2006) believes that the similarity is more likely because of borrowing rather than common origin. [[Laurent Sagart]] considers these numerals to be ancient retentions from Proto-Austronesian, but [[Paul Jen-kuei Li]] considers them to be local innovations. Unlike Pazeh, these Plains indigenous languages as well as the [[Atayalic languages]] use 2 × 4 to express the number 8. (The [[Atayalic languages]] as well as [[Thao language|Thao]] also use 2 × 3 to express the number 6.) Saisiyat, Thao, Taokas, and Babuza use 10 − 1 to express 9, whereas Saisiyat uses 5 + 1 to express 6 as Pazeh does.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jen-kuei 李壬癸 |date=2006b |title=Táiwān nándǎo yǔyán de àomì |script-title=zh:台灣南島語言的奧秘 |url=http://www.sinica.edu.tw/as/advisory/journal/15-1/59-62.pdf |journal=Zhōngyāng Yánjiùyuàn xuéshù zīxún zǒnghuì tōngxùn |language=zh |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927025101/http://www.sinica.edu.tw/as/advisory/journal/15-1/59-62.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-27 |script-journal=zh:中央研究院學術諮詢總會通訊}}</ref> The [[Ilongot language]] of the Philippines also derives numerals in the same manner as Pazeh does (Blust 2009:273).<ref name="Blust2009">{{Cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |title=The Austronesian Languages |date=2009 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |location=Canberra |language=en}} {{ISBN|0-85883-602-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-85883-602-0}}.</ref>

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Paul Jen-kuei |title=Grammatical Analysis: Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics. Studies in Honour of Stanley Starosta |date=2000 |publisher=University of Hawai’i Press |editor-last=De Guzman |editor-first=V. P. |series=Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 29 |location=Honolulu |pages=89–108 |language=en |chapter=Some Aspects of Pazeh Syntax |issue=29 |jstor=20000143 |editor-last2=Bender |editor-first2=B.}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Paul Jen-kuei |url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/UploadFiles/MonoFullText/Pazih%20Dictionary.pdf |title=Pazih Dictionary / Bāzǎiyǔ cídiǎn |last2=Tsuchida |first2=Shigeru |date=2001 |publisher=Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica |isbn=957-671-790-6 |series=Language and Linguistics Monograph Series No. 2 |location=Taipei |language=en,zh |script-title=zh:Pazih Dictionary / 巴宰語詞典}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Blust |date=1999 |title=Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=321–365 |doi=10.1353/ol.1999.0002 |s2cid=145426312}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Li |first1=Paul Jen-kuei |url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/UploadFiles/MonoFullText/Pazih%20Texts%20and%20Songs.pdf |title=Pazih Texts and Songs / Bāzǎizú chuánshuō gēyáo jí |last2=Tsuchida |first2=Shigeru |date=2002 |publisher=Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica |isbn=957-671-888-0 |series=Language and Linguistics Monograph Series No. A2-2 |location=Taipei |language=en,zh |script-title=zh:Pazih Texts and Songs / 巴宰族傳說歌謠集}}

* {{Cite book |last=Li |first=Paul Jen-kuei |title=Breaking Down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond |date=2013 |publisher=Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica |isbn=978-986-03-7678-4 |editor-last=Cao |editor-first=Guangshun |series=Language and Linguistics Monograph Series 50 |location=Taipei |pages=1133–1147 |language=en |chapter=The Last Text of the Last Pazih Speaker |editor-last2=Chappell |editor-first2=Hilary |editor-last3=Djamour |editor-first3=Redouane |editor-last4=Wiebusch |editor-first4=Thekla |chapter-url=http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Monographs/Breaking%20Down%20the%20Barriers/Volume%202/53-Li.pdf}}

{{refend}}

{{Incubator|code=pzh|prefix=Wp}}

* [http://www.youmaker.com/video/sv?id=cc0c9909af5e4c6d8758ef0def64ead0001 The secret of Formosan languages (Interview clip including exclusive interviews with Pan Jin-yu)] {{in lang|zh}}

{{Austronesian languages}}