Amdolese | |
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ཨ་མདོའི་སྐད།, A-mdo’i skad | |
Native to | China |
Region | Amdo (include Qinghai, Gansu, Tibet Autonomous Region and Sichuan) |
Native speakers | 2.5 million (2005)[1] |
Tibetan script | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | adx |
Glottolog | amdo1237 |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Amdo Tibetan (Tibetan script: ཨ་མདོའི་སྐད་, Wylie: A-mdo’i skad, Lhasa dialect: [ámtokɛ́ʔ]; also called Am kä) is the Tibetic language spoken in Amdo (now mostly in Qinghai, some in Ngawa and Gannan). It has two varieties, the farmer dialects and the nomad dialects.[2]
Amdo is one of the three branches of traditional classification of Tibetic languages (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Ü-Tsang).[3] In terms of mutual intelligibility, Amdo speakers cannot communicate even at a basic level with the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan).[3]
Amdo Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan.[4]
The nomad dialect of Amdo Tibetan is closer to classical written Tibetan as it preserves the word-initial consonant clusters and it is non-tonal, both now elided in the Ü-Tsang branch (including Lhasa Tibetan). Hence, its conservatism in phonology has become a source of pride among Amdo Tibetans.[5][2]
Dialects are:[6]
Bradley (1997)[7] includes Thewo and Choni as close to Amdo if not actually Amdo dialects.
Mabzhi is a dialect belonging to the Kokonor group of Amdo Tibetan (Tsering Samdrup and Suzuki 2017).[8][9]
mDungnag, a divergent Tibetan language spoken in Gansu, is not mutually intelligible with any of the Amdo dialects.[10]
Hua (2001)[11] contains word lists of the Xiahe County 夏河, Tongren County 同仁, Xunhua County 循化, Hualong County 化隆, Hongyuan County 红原, and Tianjun County 天峻 dialects of Amdo Tibetan in Gansu and Qinghai provinces.
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | (Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar | Uvular/ Glottal | ||||
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plain | sib. | plain | lab. | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||||
Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | ts | ʈ | tɕ | k | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | tsʰ | ʈʰ | tɕʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | dz | ɖ | dʑ | ɡ | |||
Fricative | plain | s | ʂ | ɕ | x | h | hʷ | ||
voiced | z | ʐ | ʑ | ʁ | ʁʷ | ||||
aspirated | sʰ | ||||||||
Semivowel | w | j | |||||||
Lateral | voiceless | ɬ | |||||||
voiced | l |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ | u |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Open | a |
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Tibetan language
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Tibetic languages outside Tibetan plateau |
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Authority control databases: National ![]() |
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