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SARSコロナウイルス2-オミクロン株

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

これはこのページの過去の版です。はぜ (会話 | 投稿記録) による 2021年12月12日 (日) 08:58個人設定で未設定ならUTC)時点の版 (→‎命名)であり、現在の版とは大きく異なる場合があります。

新型コロナウイルス (SARS-CoV-2) > SARS-CoV-2の変異株 > オミクロン株 (系統 B.1.1.529)
オミクロン株と他の主要または過去にSARSコロナウイルス2懸念される変異株に指定された変異株。2021年12月1日のNextstrain英語版のデータを元に遺伝距離によって放射状に拡大した木として描いたもの。

SARS2- : SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant : B.1.1.529COVID-19SARS2 (SARS-CoV-2) 20211124WHO[1]20211126WHO15[2][3][4]

[5]使


1126WHOSARS-CoV-2Technical Advisory GroupPANGOB.1.1.529Omicron[6][7][8]/New[4][9]/Xi[4][10][11]/Xi Jinping[12][13]WHOxi使[14]331[15]

Omnicron[16][17][18][19]

GISAIDGR/484A[20]Nextstrainclade21K[21]

変異

遺伝子 アミノ酸
ORF1ab英語版 nsp3: K38R
nsp3: V1069I
nsp3: Δ1265
nsp3: L1266I
nsp3: A1892T
nsp4: T492I
nsp5: P132H
nsp6: Δ105-107
nsp6: A189V
nsp12: P323L
nsp14: I42V
スパイク英語版 A67V
Δ69-70
T95I
G142D,
Δ143-145
Δ211
L212I
ins214EPE
G339D
S371L
S373P
S375F
K417N
N440K
G446S
S477N
T478K
E484A
Q493R
G496S
Q498R
N501Y
Y505H
T547K
D614G
H655Y
N679K
P681H
N764K
D796Y
N856K
Q954H
N969K
L981F
E英語版 T9I
M英語版 D3G
Q19E
A63T
N英語版 P13L
Δ31-33
R203K
G204R
出典: EDCD Threat Assessment Brief[22] CoVariants [23]

[24]32[25][26]303115319-541SARS-CoV-2[27]3[28][29]
変異のあるスパイクプロテインがハイライトされている。レセプター結合ドメインを上から見下ろしている。
変異のあるスパイクプロテインはハイライトされている。プロテインの側面から見ている。
2down1upopenWHO[2]PDB: 6VYB[30]

可能性のある結果


WHO202111WHOWHOCOVID-19[31]


Paul MorganI think a blunting rather than a complete loss [of immunity] is the most likely outcome. The virus can't possibly lose every single epitope on its surface, because if it did that spike protein couldn't work any more. So, while some of the antibodies and T cell clones made against earlier versions of the virus, or against the vaccines may not be effective, there will be others, which will remain effective. (...) If half, or two-thirds, or whatever it is, of the immune response is not going to be effective, and you're left with the residual half, then the more boosted that is the better.[32]


[33]

South African Medical AssociationAngelique Coetzee[34]

Fergus WalshSouth Africa has a young population and it is encouraging that doctors there are reporting that Omicron is causing mild symptoms with no increase in hospital admissions. But we need to see what happens when the variant moves into older age groups who are the most vulnerable to Covid[35]WHO[36]


[26]

1126ECDC23[29]

202111 (2021-11)COVID-19100[37]

moAbin vitro使moAb[38]

National Institute for Communicable DiseasesAnne von Gottberg[39]


PCR使PCR31S[40]COVID-19[33]

予防


WHO[41][42]

11261002[43]Novavax2[44][45]1129[46]V45[47]

1129WHO[48]PfizerCEOAlbert BourlaPfizerRNAPaxlovidFDA使[49][]MercRidgebackRNA[50]

1130CEO[51]

WHO[52]
  • 広まっているSARS-CoV-2の変異株をよりよく理解するために、監視とシーケンスの取り組みを強化すること
  • 完全なゲノム配列と関連するメタデータを、GISAIDなどの公開データベースに送信すること
  • IHR英語版のメカニズムを通して、懸念すべきウイルスの感染に関連する最初の症例/クラスターをWHOに報告すること
  • 懸念されるウイルスがCOVID-19の疫学、重症度、公衆衛生および社会的措置の有効性、診断方法、免疫応答、抗体中和、またはその他の関連する特徴に及ぼす潜在的な影響についての理解を深めるため、キャパシティが存在する場所では、国際社会と連携してフィールド調査と研究所による評価を実行すること

治療


IL-6COVID-19[53][54]


B.1.1.529[24]調[42][55]

2020111120211111111254[56]

100%2[57][58]5006[59][60][61]

2021910[62]COVID2020姿[63][64]

統計

国別の確認済みオミクロン変異株の累積症例
  •   100–999
  •   10–99
  •   1–9
  •   0

西50COVID-190.05[65][66]

2021125 (2021-12-05)GISAID[67]
国別の確認済み症例
感染者数 疑わしい症例数
イギリスの旗 イギリス 246[68][69][70][71]
南アフリカ共和国の旗 南アフリカ 228[68] 48,619[69]
ジンバブエの旗 ジンバブエ 50[69][72]
アメリカ合衆国の旗 アメリカ 39[73][69]
ポルトガルの旗 ポルトガル 38[74] 6[69]
ガーナの旗 ガーナ 33[68]
デンマークの旗 デンマーク 32[75] 151[69]
オーストラリアの旗 オーストラリア 28[76][77]
ボツワナの旗 ボツワナ 23[68][78]
インドの旗 インド 21[79][80]
オランダの旗 オランダ 20[81][82]
ノルウェーの旗 ノルウェー 19[83] 47[69]
カナダの旗 カナダ 18[84]
フランスの旗 フランス 16[85]
ドイツの旗 ドイツ 15[68][69]
大韓民国の旗 韓国 12[86][87]
オーストリアの旗 オーストリア 11[68]
香港の旗 香港 9[68]
イタリアの旗 イタリア 9[88][89][90]
フィンランドの旗 フィンランド 7[91]
スペインの旗 スペイン 7[68][92][93][94]
スウェーデンの旗 スウェーデン 7[95]
スイスの旗 スイス 7[68][96]
ベルギーの旗 ベルギー 6[68][97]
ブラジルの旗 ブラジル 6[98][99][100][101]
イスラエルの旗 イスラエル 4[102][103][104] 24[69]
アイスランドの旗 アイスランド 3[105] 4[69]
ナイジェリアの旗 ナイジェリア 3[106][107]
ザンビアの旗 ザンビア 3[108]
日本の旗 日本 2[109]
ルーマニアの旗 ルーマニア 2[110]
シンガポールの旗 シンガポール 2[68][111] 1[69]
チリの旗 チリ 1[112][113]
チェコの旗 チェコ 1[114][115]
ギリシャの旗 ギリシャ 1[116]
アイルランドの旗 アイルランド 1[117]
ルクセンブルクの旗 ルクセンブルク 1[68]
マレーシアの旗 マレーシア 1[118]
モルディブの旗 モルディブ 1[68]
メキシコの旗 メキシコ 1[119]
サウジアラビアの旗 サウジアラビア 1[120]
スリランカの旗 スリランカ 1[121]
チュニジアの旗 チュニジア 1[122]
アラブ首長国連邦の旗 アラブ首長国連邦 1[123]
セネガルの旗 セネガル 1[124]
モザンビークの旗 モザンビーク 2[69]
エストニアの旗 エストニア 2[69]
全世界(46の国と地域) 合計: 939 合計: 48,856

歴史

報告症例数


20211124WHO[2]2021119[26][125]1[126][127]1[128]2111111[129]

431[128]1[130]

1127221[131]2便60061COVID-1913[132]PCR12[133]

11282221214260[134]2COVID-191128[135][136][137][138]2[139]

11291125[140]2[141]13[142]1129[143][144]

1130[145]

市場の反応


1126202110%11.7%[146]

[147][148]202116116[149][150][151]20211128 (2021-11-28)[152]


20211126WHO[153]ECDC2[29]

WHO8[154]EU[155][156][157][158][159][160][161]

[162][163]1127[164]

norms and standards[165]

[166]20211135[167]

20211129WHOWHOCEPICEO[168]

2020[169]


イギリスの旗 

1126126[170]

アメリカ合衆国の旗 

11298[171]

オーストラリアの旗 

914[172]

欧州連合の旗 

7[173]

日本の旗 

11270610宿[174]279[175]

112930010[176]

フィリピンの旗 

11272[177]

2871215[178]

シンガポールの旗 

11271159107[179]

大韓民国の旗 

828010[180]

中華人民共和国の旗 

マカオの旗 
1128021[181]

香港の旗 
268714[182]

イスラエルの旗 

28[183]

インドネシアの旗 

1129141437[184]

サウジアラビアの旗 

[185]

アラブ首長国連邦の旗 

7[185]

タイ王国の旗 

128[186]

ブラジルの旗 

112714便[187]

スイスの旗 

291030[188]

2021

11


9 - SARS2B.1.1.529ボツワナの旗 [26][189]

24 - 南アフリカ共和国の旗(WHO)B.1.1.529[2]

25 - 25南アフリカ共和国の旗 香港の旗 ボツワナの旗 B.1.1.529[190][191][192]

26 - イスラエルの旗[193][194]WHOB.1.1.529[195]

27 - ベルギーの旗ドイツの旗 イギリスの旗 イタリアの旗 オランダの旗 便61[196][197][198][199][200]

28 - オランダの旗便6113オーストラリアの旗  カナダの旗 [201][202][203]日本の旗 128[204]

29 - G7[205]イギリスの旗 [206]ポルトガルの旗    スペインの旗 [207][208][209]

30 - 日本の旗1129909141183[210]

 - 日本の旗112830[211][212]

注釈

出典



(一)^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization (20211126). 2021112620211126

(二)^ abcdClassification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization (20211126). 20211126

(三)^ Parekh, Marcus; Platt, Poppie; Team, Global Health Security; Barnes, Joe (20211126). Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears (). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/ 20211126 

(四)^ abcMeyer (20211116). What's Omicron? Here's what we know and don't know about the new COVID variant that's roiling markets and air travel (). Fortune. 20211126

(五)^ Torjesen, Ingrid (2021-11-29). Covid-19: Omicron may be more transmissible than other variants and partly resistant to existing vaccines, scientists fear (). BMJ 375: n2943. doi:10.1136/bmj.n2943. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 34845008. https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2943. 

(六)^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization (20211126). 20211126

(七)^ Parekh, Marcus; Platt, Poppie; Team, Global Health Security; Barnes, Joe (20211126). Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears (). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/ 20211126 

(八)^ Meyer (20211116). What's Omicron? Here's what we know and don't know about the new COVID variant that's roiling markets and air travel (). Fortune. 20211126

(九)^ Parekh, Marcus; Platt, Poppie; Team, Global Health Security; Barnes, Joe (20211126). Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears (). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/ 20211126 

(十)^ Patel, Vimal (20211127). How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name (). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128015620/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/27/world/africa/omicron-covid-greek-alphabet.html 20211128 

(11)^ There are several COVID-19 variants you haven't heard of (). NewsNation Now (20211127). 2021112720211127

(12)^ Parekh, Marcus; Platt, Poppie; Team, Global Health Security; Barnes, Joe (20211126). Coronavirus latest news: EU suspends all flights to southern Africa over omicron Covid variant fears (). The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/covid-new-south-african-variant-strain-lockdown-restrictions/ 20211126 

(13)^ WHO avoids Greek alphabet Xi and names new Covid variant Omicron. Here's why (). Hindustan Times (20211127). 20211127

(14)^ .   (20211129). 20211129

(15)^  WHOXI. Yahoo!. 20211212

(16)^ Falcon, Russell (20211129). Its omicron, not omnicron: COVID variants spelling doesnt have two Ns. https://www.kxan.com/news/its-omicron-not-omnicron-covid-variants-spelling-doesnt-have-two-ns/ 2021121 

(17)^ Brandt, Joe (20211130). Omicron or Omnicron? How To Pronounce the Latest COVID-19 Variant. https://www.lx.com/coronavirus/omicron-or-omnicron-how-to-pronounce-the-latest-covid-19-variant/45765/ 2021121 

(18)^ Heaney, Katie (2021121). What We Know About the Omicron Variant So Far. https://www.thecut.com/2021/12/what-we-know-about-the-omicron-variant-so-far.html 2021121 

(19)^ What Do You Need To Know About Omicron? Biden Says Be Concerned But Don't Panic. (20211129). https://www.npr.org/transcripts/1059843417 2021121 

(20)^ Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (). www.who.int. 20211127

(21)^ Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants (). www.who.int. 20211127

(22)^ Implications of the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 variant of concern (Omicron) for the EU/EEA. ecdc.europa.eu. 2021112620211126

(23)^ Variant: 21K (Omicron). covariants.org.  CoVariants (20211128). 2021112820211128 Variant 21K (Omicron) appears to have arisen in November 2021, possibly in South Africa.

(24)^ abHurst, Luke (20211126). What we know so far about the B.1.1.529 'Omicron' COVID variant causing concern. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/next/2021/11/25/what-we-know-so-far-about-the-b-1-1-529-covid-variant-causing-concern-in-south-africa 20211126 

(25)^ Cookson, Clive; Barnes, Oliver (20211126). What we know about Omicron variant that has sparked global alarm. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/42c5ff3d-e676-4076-9b9f-7243a00cba5e 20211126 

(26)^ abcdCallaway, Ewen (25 November 2021). Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert (). Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03552-w. 

(27)^ Zhang, Liping; Mann, Matthew; Zulfeqhar, Syed; Reynolds, Hayley; Tian, E; Samara, Nadine; Zeldin, Darryl; Tabak, Lawrence (23 November 2021). Furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is modulated by O-glycosylation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 118 (47): e2109905118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2109905118. PMID 34732583. 

(28)^ Zimmer, Carl (20211126). New Virus Variant Stokes Concern but Vaccines Still Likely to Work. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/26/health/omicron-variant-vaccines.html 20211126 

(29)^ abcImplications of the emergence and spread of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1. 529 variant of concern (Omicron) for the EU/EEA. ecdc.europa.eu. 20211126

(30)^ Walls, Alexandra C.; Park, Young-Jun; Tortorici, M. Alejandra; Wall, Abigail; McGuire, Andrew T.; Veesler, David (April 2020). Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Cell 181 (2): 281292.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.058. 

(31)^ Gregory, Andrew (20211129). Omicron Covid variant poses very high global risk, says WHO. The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/29/omicron-covid-variant-poses-very-high-global-risk-says-who 20211129 

(32)^ Geddes, Linda (20211129). What does appearance of Omicron variant mean for the double-vaccinated?. The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/28/what-does-appearance-of-omicron-mean-for-the-double-jabbed 20211129 

(33)^ abFrequently asked questions for the B.1.1.529 mutated SARS-CoV-2 lineage in South Africa. NICD.  National Institute for Communicable Diseases (20211126). 20211127

(34)^ Covid: Sajid Javid defends 'swift action' on Omicron variant. BBC.  BBC (20211128). 2021112820211128

(35)^ Covid: Third case of Omicron variant detected in the UK Archived 28 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine. BBC

(36)^ Update on Omicron (). www.who.int. 20211130

(37)^ New Covid variant: Will new measures against Omicron work? Archived 28 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine. BBC

(38)^ Cathcart, Andrea L. (2021). The dual function monoclonal antibodies VIR-7831 and VIR-7832 demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv preprint. doi:10.1101/2021.03.09.434607. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.03.09.434607v8. 

(39)^ AFP (2021122). S. Africa expert: Previous infection doesnt protect against Omicron, but shots do (). www.timesofisrael.com. 2021122

(40)^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization (20211126). 20211126

(41)^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization (20211126). 20211126

(42)^ abNebehay, Stephanie; Winning, Alexander (20211126). WHO names new COVID variant omicron, cautions against travel measures. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-meeting-friday-designate-new-variant-b11529-2021-11-26/ 20211126 

(43)^ BioNTech says it could tweak Covid vaccine in 100 days if needed. The Guardian. (20211126). https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/nov/26/biontech-says-it-could-tweak-covid-vaccine-in-100-days-if-needed 20211127 

(44)^ Novavax developing vaccine that targets new COVID-19 variant. CBS Baltimore Staff. (20211130). 2021122. https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201620/https://baltimore.cbslocal.com/2021/11/30/maryland-based-vaccine-manufacturer-developing-covid-19-vaccine-targeting-omicron-variant/ 2021124 

(45)^ Maddipatla, Manojna; Roy, Mrinalika (20211126). Maryland-Based Vaccine Manufacturer Developing COVID-19 Vaccine That Targets Omicron Variant. Reuters. 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128204342/https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/novavax-testing-vaccine-that-targets-new-covid-19-variant-2021-11-26/ 20211130 

(46)^ Sinovac and worlds Covid-19 vaccine makers ready to produce Omicron jab. South China Morning Post (20211129). 20211129

(47)^ Sputnik V maker: Vaccine could be adapted to fight omicron. ABC News. Associated Press (Moscow). (20211129). https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/sputnik-maker-vaccine-adapted-fight-omicron-81447527 20211129 

(48)^ Omicron poses very high global risk, world must prepare -WHO. Reuters (Geneva). (20211129). https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-poses-very-high-global-risk-countries-must-prepare-who-2021-11-29/ 20211130 

(49)^ Kimball, Spencer (20211129). Pfizer CEO confident Covid treatment pill will be effective against omicron variant (). CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/11/29/pfizer-ceo-confident-covid-treatment-pill-effective-against-omicron-variant.html 

(50)^ Raphael, Therese; Fazeli, Sam (2021121). Merck's Covid Drug Will Do for Now, Just in Time for Omicron. Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-12-01/merck-s-new-covid-drug-molnupiravir-gets-fda-approval-in-time-for-omicron 2021123 

(51)^  Tim Smith 20211130 14:24 JST  20211130 16:28 JST

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(53)^ Update on Omicron. World Health Organization (20211128). 20211130

(54)^  Covid-19 -6     The New England Journal of Medicine. www.nejm.jp. 2021124

(55)^ Sample, Ian (20211124). Scientists warn of new Covid variant with high number of mutations. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/24/scientists-warn-of-new-covid-variant-with-high-number-of-mutations 20211124 

(56)^ COVID-19 Data Explorer. Our World in Data. 20211126

(57)^ Omicron variant spreads to Europe as UK announces countermeasures (). the Guardian (20211126). 20211127

(58)^  () Health Department briefs media about a new so-called super-variant, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b4aTIoZDQk4 20211127 

(59)^ New COVID variant possibly 500 percent more infectious than Delta (). Newsweek (20211126). 20211127

(60)^ Callaway, Ewen (25 November 2021). Heavily mutated coronavirus variant puts scientists on alert (). Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-03552-w. PMID 34824381. 2021-11-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126181902/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-03552-w 20211126. 

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(62)^ 'Patience is crucial': Why we wont know for weeks how dangerous Omicron is (). www.science.org. 20211130

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(64)^ auspice. nextstrain.org. 20211130

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(68)^ abcdefghijklmTracking of Variants.  GISAID. 20216232021125 Updated frequently.

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(70)^ Coronavirus: UK tightens travel rules amid Omicron spread (). BBC News. (2021124). https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59534685 2021124 

(71)^ Reuters (2021125). UK reports 86 new cases of Omicron COVID-19 variant, total 246 (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-reports-86-new-cases-omicron-covid-19-variant-total-246-2021-12-05/ 2021125 

(72)^ Zimbabwe says country has identified 50 cases of Omicron. Reuters (Johannesburg). (2021123). https://www.reuters.com/article/healthcoronavirus-zimbabwe-idAFL8N2SO4NN 2021123 

(73)^ Omicron COVID-19 variant found in 12 states as Delta variant cases are rising. CBS News. Template:Cite web accessdate 

(74)^ Portugal tem 38 casos da variante ómicron. Cuidados intensivos com "tendência fortemente crescente". Público. (2021123). https://www.publico.pt/2021/12/03/sociedade/noticia/portugal-38-casos-variante-omicron-cuidados-intensivos-tendencia-fortemente-crescente-1987428 2021124 

(75)^ Status på omikron-varianten (B.1.1.529) pr. 05.12.21.  Statens Serum Institut (2021125). 2021125

(76)^ All the COVID news you need from across Australia  as it happened (). ABC News. (2021125). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-05/covid-updates-omicron-vaccination-borders-nsw-vic-qld-nt/100674958 2021125 

(77)^ NSW records 10 more Omicron COVID-19 cases as total number reaches 25 (). ABC News. (2021126). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-12-06/nsw-records-10-omicron-covid-19-cases/100676110 2021126 

(78)^ Mukherjee, Promit; Sishi, Siyanbonga (2021122). Botswana's health director says majority of Omicron variant cases were asymptomatic. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/botswanas-health-director-says-majority-omicron-variant-cases-were-asymptomatic-2021-12-01/ 2021122 

(79)^ Omicron live updates: Maharashtra man who returned from South Africa tests +ve for Omicron; India's 4th case. India Times. (2021124). https://indianexpress.com/article/india/omicron-covid-variant-live-updates-karnataka-guidelines-7656873/ 2021124 

(80)^ Omicron Coronavirus LIVE: 9 Omicron cases found in Rajasthan, 7 in Maharashtra (). The Indian Express (2021125). 2021125

(81)^ Uras, Ted Regencia,Elizabeth Melimopoulos,Umut. Zambia detects first cases of Omicron COVID variant (). www.aljazeera.com. 2021124

(82)^ Omicron variant found in two previous test samples | RIVM. www.rivm.nl. 2021126

(83)^ Number of confirmed omicron cases as of 3 December. Folkehelseinstituttet. (2021124). https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2021/antall-bekreftede-omikron-tilfeller-per-3.-desember/ 2021124 

(84)^ Tahirali, Jesse (202124). Tracking variants of the novel coronavirus in Canada. CTV News. https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/tracking-variants-of-the-novel-coronavirus-in-canada-1.5296141 2021124 

(85)^ COVID-19 : 16 cas confirmés du variant du SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) rapportés en France. RSanté publique France. (2021125). https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr/les-actualites/2021/covid-19-16-cas-confirmes-du-variant-du-sars-cov-2-omicron-b.1.1.529-rapportes-en-france 2021124 

(86)^ South Korea widens vaccine pass requirement as Omicron fears rise. Reuters. (2021124). https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/skorea-makes-vaccine-pass-mandatory-many-more-venues-omicron-fears-rise-2021-12-03/ 2021124 

(87)^ Reuters (2021125). S.Korea reports 3 more Omicron cases (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/skorea-reports-3-more-omicron-cases-2021-12-05/ 2021125 

(88)^ UK, Germany and Italy detect Omicron coronavirus variant cases. Reuters. (20211127). 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127111521/https://www.reuters.com/world/concerns-over-covid-variant-trigger-more-travel-curbs-southern-africa-2021-11-27/ 20211127 

(89)^ Omicron Italia, positivi alla variante sudafricana anche moglie e figli del paziente zero [Omicron Italy: wife and children of patient zero are also positive for the South African variant] (Italian). Quotidiano Nazionale (Naples). (20211129). https://www.quotidiano.net/cronaca/variante-omicron-italia-1.7091433 20211129 

(90)^ CNN, By Adam Renton, Sheena McKenzie and Ed Upright (20211130). Live updates: Omicron coronavirus variant puts world on edge (). CNN. 2021121

(91)^ Suomessa on todettu yhteensä seitsemän omikronvariantin aiheuttamaa koronatartuntaa - Tiedote - THL (). Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos. 2021125

(92)^ España confirma el primer caso de variante ómicron en un viajero procedente de Sudáfrica [Spain confirms the first case of omicron variant in a traveler from South Africa] (). EL PAÍS. (20211129). https://elpais.com/sociedad/2021-11-29/ultimas-noticias-del-coronavirus-hoy-en-espana-y-el-mundo-y-la-nueva-variante-omicron-en-directo.html?outputType=amp 20211129 

(93)^ First Omicron cases confirmed in Spain, Sweden  latest updates. TRT World. (20211129). https://www.trtworld.com/life/first-omicron-cases-confirmed-in-spain-sweden-latest-updates-52116 20211129 

(94)^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (2021122). Covid Live Updates: Biden Details New Strategy as Omicron Reaches U.S. (). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/12/02/world/biden-omicron-variant-covid 2021123 

(95)^ Statistik om SARS-CoV-2 virusvarianter av särskild betydelse ().  Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021123). 2021123

(96)^ First Omicron cases detected in Switzerland. The Local. (2021121). https://www.thelocal.ch/20211201/first-omicron-cases-detected-in-switzerland/ 2021122 

(97)^ Nog eens twee omikronbesmettingen ontdekt in België. Euronews. (2021122). https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/live-coronavirus-nog-eens-twee-besmettingen-met-omikron-ontdekt-in-belgie~b58a3c6f0/ 2021122 

(98)^ Anvisa: two cases of the Ômicron variant are identified in Brazil. agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br.  Agência Brasil (20211130). 20211130

(99)^ SP confirma terceiro caso da variante ômicron no Brasil (). G1 (2021121). Template:Cite web accessdate 

(100)^ Campbell, Léonie Chao-Fong (now); Lucy; Belam, Martin; Lock (earlier), Samantha; Gregory, Andrew; Gabbatt, Adam; Henley, Jon (2021122). Covid live: 10 more Omicron cases in UK amid 53,945 new infections; German 'lockdown' for unvaccinated (). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/dec/02/coronavirus-news-live-south-africa-sees-exponential-increase-in-covid-cases-dominated-by-omicron-variant?filterKeyEvents=true 2021122 

(101)^ RS confirma primeiro caso de variante Ômicron; Brasil tem seis casos da nova cepa (). CNN Brasil (2021123). 2021123

(102)^ Israel banning entry to foreigners as Fauci urges Americans to take new vairant seriously. NBC News. (20211128). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215406/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fears-new-omicron-covid-variant-prompts-israel-ban-entry-foreigners-rcna6858 20211128 

(103)^ As 2nd Omicron case found, Israel bars airport arrivals from taking buses, trains (). www.timesofisrael.com. 20211129

(104)^ Two Israeli doctors test positive for Omicron COVID variant (). The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. 20211130

(105)^ Two more Omicron cases confirmed. (2021122). https://www.ruv.is/frett/2021/12/02/two-more-omicron-cases-confirmed 2021123 

(106)^ Dahir, Abdi; Ezeamalu, Ben; Pérez-Peña, Richard (2021121). Ghana and Nigeria are the latest African countries to detect the Omicron variant. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/01/world/africa/nigeria-omicron.html 2021122 

(107)^ Nigeria confirms first cases of Omicron among travellers from South Africa. Reuters. (2021121). https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-confirms-first-cases-omicron-among-travellers-south-africa-2021-12-01/ 2021121 

(108)^ Omicron cases confirmed in 6 more U.S. states as delta still biggest Covid threat (). NBC News. 2021124

(109)^ Japan finds second case of Omicron variant -media. Reuters. (2021121). https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-japan-omicron/japan-finds-second-case-of-omicron-variant-media-idINT9N2S702B 2021121 

(110)^ Romania detects first cases of Omicron coronavirus variant. Reuters. (2021124). https://news.trust.org/item/20211204191610-t2maj 2021124 

(111)^ Two imported cases in Singapore test 'preliminarily positive' for Omicron COVID-19 variant: MOH. CNA (TV network). (2021123). 2021123. : |archivedate=|archiveurl=. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/covid-19-singapore-omicron-variant-detected-imported-cases-moh-2353941 

(112)^ Reuters (2021124). Chile says detects first case of Omicron variant of the coronavirus (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chile-says-detects-first-case-omicron-variant-coronavirus-2021-12-04/ 2021125 

(113)^ Twitter: Seremi de Salud Región Valparaíso @SaludSsrv (). Twitter. 2021125

(114)^ Variantu covidu omikron potvrdila sekvenace v Liberci. Výsledek prověří Národní referenční laboratoř [The omicron covid variant was confirmed by sequencing in Liberec. The result will be checked by the National Reference Laboratory] (Czech). 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127214508/https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/omikron-koronavirus-v-cesku-mutace-hygiena_2111271159_pj 20211127 

(115)^ Omicron variant found in UK, Germany, Czech Republic. (20211128). 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127230155/https://nypost.com/2021/11/27/omicron-variant-found-in-uk-germany-czech-republic/ 20211128 

(116)^ Greece Reports First Case of Omicron Variant in Crete. Greek Reporter (2021122). 2021122

(117)^ First case of Omicron COVID-19 variant detected in Ireland. TheJournal.ie. (2021121). 2021121. : |archivedate=|archiveurl=. https://www.thejournal.ie/first-omicron-case-ireland-5613966-Dec2021/ 2021121 

(118)^ First case of Omicron variant detected in Malaysia, says KJ. The Star. (2021123). 2021123. : |archivedate=|archiveurl=. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/12/03/first-case-of-omicron-variant-detected-in-malaysia-says-kj 2021123 

(119)^ Guillén, Beatriz (2021123). México confirma el primer caso de ómicron en el país [Mexico confirms the first omicron case in the country] (Spanish). El País (Mexico). https://elpais.com/mexico/2021-12-03/mexico-confirma-el-primer-caso-de-omicron-en-el-pais.html 2021123 

(120)^ Saudi Arabia detects first case of COVID-19 Omicron variant in Kingdom. Al Arabiya English (202112). 2021121

(121)^ Sri Lanka reports first case of Omicron variant. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/sri-lanka-reports-first-case-of-omicron-variant/articleshow/88066866.cms 2021123 

(122)^ Tunisia records first case of omicron variant (). Arab News (2021123). 2021125

(123)^ Mukherjee, Promit; Hunnicutt, Trevor (2021121). Omicron rapidly dominating in South Africa; U.S. reports first case (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/us-tightens-covid-19-travel-rules-countries-race-quell-omicron-threat-2021-12-01/ 2021122 

(124)^ Reuters (2021125). Senegal records first Omicron case in tourist who attended demonstration (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/senegal-records-first-omicron-case-tourist-who-attended-demonstration-2021-12-05/ 2021125 

(125)^ outbreak.info (). outbreak.info. 20211126

(126)^ Covid: New heavily mutated variant B.1.1.529 in South Africa raises concern Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine., 25 November 2021, BBC News, accessed 25 November 2021

(127)^ Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants Archived 18 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine. (Tables: Currently designated Variants Under Monitoring -describes 529 variant as present in 'Multiple countries'- and 'Formerly monitored variants'- B.1.523 & B.1.619 Reclassified Nov 2021). www.who.int, accessed 25 November 2021

(128)^ ab@BNODesk (20211126). "Statement from Israel's health ministry reporting 1 confirmed case of new coronavirus variant B.1.1.529". XTwitter20211126 

(129)^ Reuters (20211126). Belgium detects first case of new COVID-19 variant in Europe (). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/belgium-detects-first-case-new-covid-19-variant-europe-2021-11-26/ 20211126 

(130)^ Kerstin Kesselgruber (20211127). Flughafen Frankfurt: Person mit Omikron-Verdacht war vollständig geimpft [Frankfurt airport: Person suspected to be infected with omicron variant was fully vaccinanted] (). Frankfurter Rundschau. 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127155005/https://www.fr.de/politik/corona-variante-omikron-mit-sehr-hoher-wahrscheinlichkeit-bereits-in-deutschland-zr-91143286.html 20211127 

(131)^ UK, Germany and Italy detect Omicron coronavirus variant cases. Reuters. (20211127). 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127111521/https://www.reuters.com/world/concerns-over-covid-variant-trigger-more-travel-curbs-southern-africa-2021-11-27/ 20211127 

(132)^ Piper, Elizabeth; Sterling, Toby (20211128). Thirteen cases detected in Netherlands as Omicron variant spreads (). Reuters. 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128120834/https://www.reuters.com/world/new-coronavirus-variant-omicron-keeps-spreading-australia-detects-cases-2021-11-28/ 20211128 

(133)^ 61 travellers from South Africa in Netherlands positive for COVID-19 -authorities. Reuters (Amsterdam). (20211127). https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/passengers-south-africa-face-wait-covid-19-testing-amsterdam-2021-11-26/ 20211127 

(134)^ Travellers test positive to Omicron COVID-19 strain after arriving in Sydney from southern Africa, NSW Health says. (20211128). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128065804/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-28/tavellers-test-positive-omicron-covid-sydney/100657076 20211128 

(135)^ To personer er indrejst i Danmark med coronavarianten Omikron (). www.bt.dk (20211128). 2021112820211128

(136)^ Af /ritzau (20211128). Nu er det bekræftet: To personer smittet med Omikron rejst ind i Danmark [Now it has been confirmed: Two people infected with Omikron traveled into Denmark] (). ekstrabladet.dk. 2021112820211128

(137)^ Austria detects suspect Omicron case as Europe battles virus surge (). WION. 2021112820211128

(138)^ Omicron variant found in UK, Germany, Czech Republic. (20211128). 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127230155/https://nypost.com/2021/11/27/omicron-variant-found-in-uk-germany-czech-republic/ 20211128 

(139)^ Canada, Netherland, Australia latest countries reporting cases of omicron COVID-19 variant. (20211128). https://abc13.com/omicron-variant-new-covid-netherlands-coronavirus/11276819/ 20211128 

(140)^ Perera, Alicia (20211129). COVID-positive repatriation flight arrival to the Northern Territory tests positive to Omicron variant. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nt-covid-outbreak-katherine-traveller-positive-for-omicron/100657690 20211129 

(141)^ Nguyen, Kevin (20211129). NSW Health confirms two more Omicron COVID-19 cases in travellers from southern Africa. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-29/nsw-health-confirms-two-more-omicron-covid-cases-in-sydney/100658728 20211129 

(142)^ Live updates: Omicron variant. (20211129). https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/covid-variant-omicron-11-29-21/index.html 20211129 

(143)^ Första fallet av omikron upptäckt i Sverige (). www.aftonbladet.se. 20211129

(144)^ Live updates: Spain confirms its 1st case of omicron variant. (20211129). https://www.wrex.com/news/national/live-updates-spain-confirms-its-1st-case-of-omicron-variant/article_08da43f5-e4d4-5dae-97d4-b8180d32c642.html 20211129 

(145)^ NSW records fifth case of Omicron COVID-19 variant as two more potential infections investigated. (20211130). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-11-30/nsw-covid-19-omicron-update-new-case-discovered/100661108 20211130 

(146)^ Gregg, Aaron (20211126). Dow plunges more than 900 points as new coronavirus variant sends global markets reeling. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/11/26/stock-market-black-friday/ 20211126 

(147)^ Bitcoin and other crypto plunge as fear of new COVID variant routs markets. Fortune. 2021112720211127

(148)^ Davies, Pascale (20211126). Bitcoin's price has slumped after a new COVID variant was found. Why?. euronews. 2021112720211127

(149)^ South African markets sink on new Covid-19 variant (). Moneyweb (20211126). 20211129

(150)^ Writer, Staff. Rand tanks as UK red lists South Africa again amid new Covid variant (). 20211129

(151)^ New variant sees Rand plummet | eNCA (). www.enca.com. 20211129

(152)^ Omicron: Here's where the new COVID variant has been detected so far in Europe. Euronews. (20211128). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128085917/https://www.euronews.com/2021/11/27/germany-reported-first-suspected-case-of-omicron-covid-19-variant 

(153)^ WHO cautions against imposing travel restrictions due to new variant. Reuters (Geneva). (20211126). https://www.reuters.com/world/who-cautions-against-imposing-travel-restrictions-due-new-variant-2021-11-26/ 20211126 

(154)^ Covid live updates today: Omicron variant, symptoms, vaccines efficacy, restrictions.... en.as. (20211128). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128215231/https://en.as.com/en/2021/11/28/latest_news/1638109908_212481.html 20211128 

(155)^ Yong, Clement (20211126). Singapore bans travellers from 7 African countries; no cases of new Covid-19 variant here (). The Straits Times (Singapore). 20211126. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126064129/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/spore-tightens-border-measures-for-travellers-from-7-african-countries-no-cases-of-new 20211126 

(156)^ Linskey, Annie (20211126). U.S. to restrict travel from South Africa and other countries as it assesses risks of new omicron variant. Washington Post. 20211126. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126190612/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/11/26/biden-south-africa-variant/ 20211126 

(157)^ Walsh, Marieke; Stone, Laura (20211126). COVID-19 variant of concern Omicron causes Canada to impose restrictions on travel from southern parts of Africa (). The Globe and Mail. 20211126. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126175514/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-premiers-federal-conservatives-call-for-increased-travel-restrictions/ 20211126 

(158)^ Daim, Nuradzimmah; Harun, Hana (20211126). Temporary entry ban on foreign travellers following discovery of heavily mutated Covid-19 variant. New Straits Times. 20211126. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127132304/https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2021/11/749043/temporary-entry-ban-foreign-travellers-following-discovery-heavily 20211127 

(159)^ New Zealand bans travel from 9 southern African countries. Radio New Zealand. (20211128). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128025439/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/456719/new-zealand-bans-travel-from-9-southern-african-countries 20211128 

(160)^ Covid Omicron: RI larang masuk pendatang yang baru dari sejumlah negara Afrika, Afsel kecewa 'dihukum' banyak negara [Covid Omicron: RI prohibits entry of new arrivals from a number of African countries, South Africa is disappointed in being 'punished' by many countries] (). BBC News Indonesia (20211128). 2021112820211128

(161)^ Canada, Netherland, Australia latest countries reporting cases of omicron COVID-19 variant. (20211128). https://abc13.com/omicron-variant-new-covid-netherlands-coronavirus/11276819/ 20211128 

(162)^ Anvisa recomenda restrições de voo diante de nova variante de covid-19 [Anvisa recommends flight restrictions in view of the new covid-19 variant]. agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br (20211126). 20211127Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine.

(163)^ Kennedy. 'It's Coming': NY Declares State of Emergency Ahead of Potential Omicron Spike (). NBC New York. 20211127

(164)^ Switzerland announces new restrictions for Israelis after the discovery of Omicron. Globally 24. 20211127. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127202928/https://globally24.com/switzerland-announces-new-restrictions-for-israelis-after-the-discovery-of-omicron/ 20211127 

(165)^ Winning, Alexander; Cocks, Tim (20211126). South Africa says travel bans over new variant unjustified. Reuters. 20211126. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126120245/https://www.reuters.com/world/south-africa-calls-british-travel-ban-over-new-covid-19-variant-rushed-2021-11-26/ 20211126 

(166)^ Zwi, Anthony. Travel bans aren't the answer to stopping new COVID variant Omicron (). The Conversation. 2021112820211128

(167)^ EXCLUSIVE South Africa delays COVID vaccine deliveries as inoculations slow. Reuters. (20211124). 20211128. https://web.archive.org/web/20211128023919/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/exclusive-south-africa-delays-covid-vaccine-deliveries-inoculations-slow-2021-11-24/ 20211128 

(168)^ Omicron poses very high global risk, world must prepare -WHO. Reuters (Geneva). (20211129). https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/omicron-poses-very-high-global-risk-countries-must-prepare-who-2021-11-29/ 20211130 

(169)^ CNN, Kaitlan Collins and Kate Sullivan. Biden says new Omicron variant is 'cause for concern, not a cause for panic'. CNN. 2021121

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(189)^ Classification of Omicron (B.1.1.529): SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern. World Health Organization. (20211126). https://www.who.int/news/item/26-11-2021-classification-of-omicron-(b.1.1.529)-sars-cov-2-variant-of-concern 20211126 

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(212)^   71. FNN (20211130). 20211130

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