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バングラデシュ大虐殺 (1971年)

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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
バングラデシュ大虐殺 (1971年)
バングラデシュ独立戦争
独立戦争博物館に保管されている、1971年の大虐殺における遺骨と戦争物資
場所 東パキスタン(現・バングラデシュ
日付 主に1971年3月26日-12月16日の期間
標的 ベンガル人ヒンドゥー教徒、女性、ビハール人英語版
攻撃手段 強制移住民族浄化大量虐殺レイプ
死亡者 200,000人[1]から3,000,000人[2][3][4]
テンプレートを表示

: Bangladesh genocide1971


[]


1947西西1950西1971326[5]1216920300[1][6]2040[7][8]gonimoter maal[9]8001000[10]7,0003,000[11]

[12][13]1,000[14]150,000[15][16]

[17][18]使[19][20][21]

[]

1953221
西1947-1971

1947西1,6001,000西2[22]

西55%[23]7,500西5,500[24]西西323[25]

西1971low-lying land of low-lying people[26]西[27]

1948[28]4%[29]使[30][31]1952[32]

1965[33][34][35]19582[36]

1970127539西1[25]19701112[25]

31[37]西[38][39]222300[40][41][42]31GOC[43][44][45][46][25]

31[47][48]3125西326[49]

[50][51]西[52]

19716[53]J1971325[54]H[55]

[]


Operation Searchlight[56]197011Operation Blitz3[57]

19713261[58][59]7,0003,000[60]32785[61]

[62]MA27[63]326417西Baidyanathtala[64]MAG[64]

3261[65][66]5[67]

197012Nizam-e-IslamJamaat-e-Islami[68][69]Al-BadrAl-Shams[70][71][72][73][12][74]Razakar西[75]

西1971613[76]414105[76]

 (short-arm inspection)

[77][78] 19718225[79][80]"Butcher of Bengal"[81]

[64]121216[25]

[]


30019721300[82]300[82]300[82]ASayyid A. Karim[82]

1976調86850[82]調2008Ziad ObermeyerChristopher J. L. MurrayEmmanuela Gakidou312550558[83]1996[84]

調26[85][86]

3050300[6][78][87][88]CIA20[1]Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War510[89][90][91][92][93]Richard SissonELeo E. Rose30150[94]Nirmal Sen2510[95]

[96][97] 19998[98][99][100]

[]

[]


19718243[101][102][103] :14414519714[103] :144[104]

[103] :145[105][106]24[103]List of massacres in Bangladesh[107]

1971111 "H" [108]19715[109]

RJ[110]

willing executionerslow-lying land of low-lying people

1972 "H" 11,000300[104]

[]


1971 killing of Bengali intellectuals

[106][111][112][113][114][115][116]西[25]

999113494216[113]121619721301214Shaheed Buddhijibi Dibosh[117][97]

19713251216

  Mufazzal Haider Chaudhury M Abul KhairRashidul Hasan Ghyasuddin Ahmed [118]Saidul HassanHobibur RahmanSukhranjan SomaddarMir Abdul Quaiyum Mohammed Fazle RabbeeAFM Alim Chowdhury Shahidullah KaiserNizamuddin Ahmed[119]Selina ParvinAltaf MahmudDhirendranath Datta  Ranadaprasad Saha[120][121]

[]


92040[6][122][123][124]gonimoter maal[125][9][12][126] war-babies[127]

17[128]

21婿166string

1971415[129]

西412西22

Main iss haramzadi qom ki nasal badal doongaraper[130] 4013[131]

13456

19711014[132]

34563

brothel使使[6][40][133]Women's Media CenterWomen Under Siege Project875[134]2040[135]

退

2014Children of War[136]

7Ami Birangona Bolchhi2021War Heroines Speak: The Rape of Bangladeshi women in 1971 war of Independence[133]使Birangona使

[137]

西西3251947

[138][139][140]200510[56][141][142] [143]30020[103]:262

[]


1947[144]西197131西[145]

19713300[145]326[145][145][106]100[85]19711216[146]19711218Abdul Kader SiddiquiKaderia Bahini[147][148] [149]

1,000[14]20,000200,000 19716500,000[103]RJ150,000[150]

[]

[]


1971613[76]1971319714Dissent Channel[105][151][25]

1970西72881282[152][153][154][155]31972[156]

1972ICJ3strong prima facie case[157][157]dolus specialis[157]

1948201951112[158]200320218[159][160]NGO[161]

RJ1971西[162]

2051[163]

[]

1970

20021216使USISD.C.[59][59][164][165][166][25][167][1][168][59][169]

[170][171][172]

[173]

[]


19711222調[174]

1972-1975[]


19711224AHM197221004[175]

92,000[176] 19519744195[177]19519540[113]

1972[178][179]10,00040,000[180]R88[181]19735[182]5

19731130[180]19721975

19731949[183]197219731975[184]

197119954[185]

1991-2006[]


1991122919711971National Committee for Resisting the Killers and Collaborators of 19711992326[186][187]

19712006920[188]

194919712006SYG267220061025

20075212006920[189]

2007-[]

2013

20097301973[190]1971

ICT1971調2009[191]200812AL32[192]調調20081,600[193][194]ICT2009[195]20091973[196]

201292[197]320131[198]

[199][200][201]Islami Chhatra Shibir2012124[202][203][204]

2013220131212[205]

Delwar Hossain Sayeedi[206][207]201551116[208]Salahuddin Quader Chowdhury Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mujahid201511221245[209][210]2016123Mir Quasem Ali[211]

[]


[212]1971327285317915[130]調30200026,000[89]

1971西[130][213][214]1971[215]W[216]2013[217]



1974195[218]姿1974197120021971[219][220]

1971200920151130退[221][222][89]

[223][224][225][226]調調1971[227][81]

バングラデシュ大虐殺を題材にした作品[編集]

  • Stop Genocide(1971年のドキュメンタリー映画)[228][229]
  • Major Khaled's war(1971年のドキュメンタリー映画)[230][231]
  • Nine Months to Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh(1972年のドキュメンタリー映画)[232][233]
  • Children of War(1971年のバングラデシュ大虐殺の残虐行為を描いた映画)
  • Merciless Mayhem: The Bangladesh Genocide Through Pakistani Eyes(2018年のテレビ映画)[234][235]

脚注[編集]



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(23)^ ,, (),, ,,. . . 202171

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(85)^ abWillem van Schendel (2009). A History of Bangladesh. Cambridge University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-316-26497-3. 26 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180022/https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ 2018628 

(86)^ Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33). Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report (19741023). 201410122014613

(87)^ Totten, Samuel (2012). Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide. Transaction Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-4128-4759-9. 28 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012658/https://books.google.com/books?id=crJ7ai7GJH0C&pg=PA55 2018314 

(88)^ Myers (2004). Exploring Social Psychology 4E. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-07-070062-8. 13 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213071323/https://books.google.com/books?id=X3fdaGkEy6MC&pg=PA269 2016517 

(89)^ abcControversial book accuses Bengalis of 1971 war crimes. BBC News. (2011616). 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13417170 2013129 

(90)^ Jack, Ian (2011520). It's not the arithmetic of genocide that's important. It's that we pay attention. The Guardian. 20181224. https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231312/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/may/21/ian-jack-bangladesh-war-genocide%20 20161210 

(91)^ Bose is more Pakistani than Jinnah the Quaid. The Sunday Guardian. 20131212. https://web.archive.org/web/20131212073930/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/bose-is-more-pakistani-than-jinnah-the-quaid 2013129 

(92)^ Mohaiemen, Naeem (2011103). Flying Blind: Waiting for a Real Reckoning on 1971. The Daily Star. 20131213. https://web.archive.org/web/20131213210628/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=205005 2013129 

(93)^ This account of the Bangladesh war should not be seen as unbiased. The Guardian. (201168). ISSN 0261-3077. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012641/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/jun/08/bangladesh-liberation-war-sarmila-bose 2016331 

(94)^ Beachler, Donald W. (2011). The genocide debate : politicians, academics, and victims (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-230-11414-2. 28 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012618/https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 2017821 

(95)^ Mukhopadhay, Keshab (13 May 2005). "An interview with prof. Ahmed sharif". News from Bangladesh. Daily News Monitoring Service. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015

(96)^ Many of the eyewitness accounts of relations that were picked up by "Al Badr" forces describe them as Bengali men. The only survivor of the Rayerbazar killings describes the captors and killers of Bengali professionals as fellow Bengalis. See 37 Dilawar Hossain, account reproduced in 'Ekattorer Ghatok-dalalera ke Kothay' (Muktijuddha Chetona Bikash Kendro, Dhaka, 1989)

(97)^ abKhan, Asadullah (20051214). The loss continues to haunt us. The Daily Star. 201335. https://web.archive.org/web/20130305011706/http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm 200645 

(98)^ Crimes of War  Bangladesh: A Free and Fair War Crimes Tribunal?. crimesofwar.org. 20161202016115

(99)^ Tahmima Anam (2013213). Shahbag protesters versus the Butcher of Mirpur. The Guardian. 2013126. https://web.archive.org/web/20131206145334/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/13/shahbag-protest-bangladesh-quader-mollah 2016115 

(100)^ DPA report (199988). Mass grave found in Bangladesh. The Chandigarh Tribune. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug08/world.htm#7 200645 

(101)^ Pakistan: The Ravaging of Golden Bengal -- Printout -- TIME. web.archive.org (2007311). 202174

(102)^ Mascarenhas, Anthony (1971613). Genocide. The Times (London). "The Government's policy for East Bengal was spelled out to me in the Eastern Command headquarters at Dacca. It has three elements: 1. The Bengalis have proved themselves unreliable and must be ruled by West Pakistanis; 2. The Bengalis will have to be re-educated along proper Islamic lines. The  Islamization of the masses  this is the official jargon  is intended to eliminate secessionist tendencies and provide a strong religious bond with West Pakistan; 3. When the Hindus have been eliminated by death and flight, their property will be used as a golden carrot to win over the under privileged Muslim middle-class. This will provide the base for erecting administrative and political structures in the future." 

(103)^ abcdefGerlach, Christian (2010). Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth-Century World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70681-0. 26 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180020/https://books.google.com/books?id=48N-XbOltMEC&pg=PA148 201737 

(104)^ abBeachler, Donald (2007) 'The politics of genocide scholarship:the case of Bangladesh', Patterns of Prejudice, 41:5, 467 - 492

(105)^ abU.S. Consulate (Dacca) Cable, Sitrep: Army Terror Campaign Continues in Dacca; Evidence Military Faces Some Difficulties Elsewhere Archived 21 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine., 31 March 1971, Confidential, 3 pp

(106)^ abcForeign Relations of the United States, 19691976, Volume E7, Documents on South Asia, 19691972  Office of the Historian. history.state.gov. 20195262016924

(107)^ Bose, Sarmila (2011). Dead Reckoning: Memories of the 1971 Bangladesh War. London: Hurst and Co.. pp. 73, 122 

(108)^ Bangladesh: A Bengali Abbasi Lurking Somewhere?. South Asia Analysis Group (2001423). 20106132021713

(109)^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. Yale University Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8. 13 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161213000749/https://books.google.com/books?id=t8iYEgPYG_EC&pg=PA170 20161010 

(110)^ DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Archived 18 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine., by R.J. Rummel New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1994

(111)^ 125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal. The New York Times (New York, NY, USA): p. 1. (19711219). 2014328. https://web.archive.org/web/20140328143516/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9 200814. "At least 125 persons, believed to be physicians, professors, writers and teachers were found murdered today in a field outside Dacca. All the victims' hands were tied behind their backs and they had been bayoneted, garroted or shot. They were among an estimated 300 Bengali intellectuals who had been seized by West Pakistani soldiers and locally recruited" 

(112)^ Murshid, Tazeen M. (1997). State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies 20 (2): 134. doi:10.1080/00856409708723294. ISSN 1479-0270. 

(113)^ abcKhan, Muazzam Hussain (2012). Killing of Intellectuals. In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A.. Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. 26 May 2019. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals 2015124 

(114)^ Shaiduzzaman (14 December 2005), "Martyred intellectuals: martyred history" Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine., The Daily New Age, Bangladesh

(115)^ Askari, Rashid (20051214). Our martyerd intellectuals. The Daily Star. 2017723. https://web.archive.org/web/20170723161252/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm 20161225 

(116)^ Dr. M.A. Hasan, Juddhaporadh, Gonohatya o bicharer anneshan, War Crimes Fact Finding Committee and Genocide archive & Human Studies Centre, Dhaka, 2001

(117)^ Shahiduzzaman No count of the nation's intellectual loss Archived 1 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine. The New Age, 15 December 2005

(118)^ Gallows for Mueen, Ashraf. The Daily Star. (2013113). 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012709/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/gallows-for-mueen-ashraf 20131210 

(119)^ Story of a Martyred Intellectual of 71's war. Adnan's Den (20071213). 20141292015210

(120)^ ICT issues arrest order against Mueen, Ashrafuzzaman. Daily Sun. (201353). 2013114. https://web.archive.org/web/20131104105107/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_03-05-2013_ICT-issues-arrest-order-against-Mueen%2C-Ashrafuzzaman_485_1_2_1_0.html 2013113 

(121)^ Khan, Tamanna (2013114). It was matricide. The Daily Star. 2013116. https://web.archive.org/web/20131106200142/http://www.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/it-was-matricide/ 2013117 

(122)^ Islam, Kajalie Shehreen (2012). Breaking Down the Birangona: Examining the (Divided) Media Discourse on the War Heroines of Bangladesh's Independence Movement. International Journal of Communication 6: 2131. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/874/787 201645. 

(123)^ Martin, Susan Forbes; Tirman, John (2009). Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 173. ISBN 978-90-481-2825-9. 28 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012645/https://books.google.com/books?id=JhxwNjWzB6gC&pg=PA173 2018314 

(124)^ D'Costa 2011, pp. 120121.

(125)^ Bodman & Tohidi 1998, p. 208.

(126)^ BANGLADESH GENOCIDE 1971  RAPE VICTIMS Interview (20091215). 20201228201362

(127)^ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139

(128)^ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122

(129)^ Mamoon, Muntassir; (translation by Kushal Ibrahim) (June 2000). The Vanquished Generals and the Liberation War of Bangladesh (First ed.). Somoy Prokashon. p. 30. ISBN 978-984-458-210-1 

(130)^ abcGenocide they wrote. The Daily Star. (2015122). 201636. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172005/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/genocide-they-wrote-180955 201641 

(131)^ [Genocide/1971 Susan Brownmiller: Against Our Will  Men, Women and Rape]. 2016342015210

(132)^ Browne, Malcolm W. (19711014). Horrors of East Pakistan Turning Hope into Despair. The New York Times. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012656/http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19711014_nyt_horrors_of_east_pakistan_turning_hope_into_despair.pdf 2014613 

(133)^ abIbrahim, Nilima Rabbee, Nusrat War Heroines Speak: The Rape of Bangladeshi women in 1971 War of IndependenceBookBaby2021221ISBN 9781098357573 

(134)^ Why is the mass sexualized violence of Bangladesh's Liberation War being ignored?. Women in the World in Association with The New York Times  WITW (2016325). 20163292016331

(135)^ 1971 Rapes: Bangladesh Cannot Hide History. Forbes. 2020724201641

(136)^ Joshi (201462). Children of War. Outlook. 202012282014613

(137)^ Anthony Mascarenhas, Sunday Times, 13 June 1971

(138)^ Debasish Roy Chowdhury 'Indians are bastards anyway' Archived 17 July 2009 at the Portuguese Web ArchiveinAsia Times 23 June 2005 "In Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape, Susan Brownmiller likens it to the Japanese rapes in Nanjing and German rapes in Russia during World War II. "... 200,000, 300,000 or possibly 400,000 women (three sets of statistics have been variously quoted) were raped.""

(139)^ Brownmiller, Susan, "Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape" ISBN 0-449-90820-8, page 81

(140)^ Hamoodur Rahman Commission Archived 16 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Chapter 2 Archived 12 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine., Paragraphs 32,34

(141)^ New impartial evidence debunks 1971 rape allegations against groups working for Pakistan and also some members of the Pakistani Army. Daily Times. (200572) 

(142)^ Woollacott, Martin (201171). Dead Reckoning by Sarmila Bose  review. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012648/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/dead-reckoning-sarmila-bose-review 20161010 

(143)^ Khatun. Sarmila Bose rewrites history. Drishtipat. 200777201737

(144)^ Hasan. In Pictures: Plight of Biharis in Bangladesh. Al Jazeera. 2019524201641

(145)^ abcdD'Costa 2011, p. 103.

(146)^ ICJ EAST PAKISTAN 1971 REPORT, supra note 5, at 4445, quoted in S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205.

(147)^ Ahsan, Syed Badrul (2012328). Old images from a long-ago war. The Daily Star. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012705/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-227960 201641 

(148)^ Stanhope, Henry (19711220). Mukti Bahini Bayonet Prisoners After Prayers. The Times (London): p. 4. "[Dateline: Dec 19] Four Razakar prisoners, who were bayoneted publicly after a rally yesterday ... The leader of the Mukti Bahini ... took part, casually beating the prisoners with has swagger stick before borrowing a bayonet to lunge at one of the trussed-up men. The leader, Mr Abdul Qader Siddiqui, the Mukti commander-in-chief for Dacca, Tangail, Mymensingh and Pusur, whose 'troops' are known as the Qaderi ... Mr Saddiqui's Mukti guards ... fixed bayonets and charged at the prisoners ... They stabed [sic] them through the neck, the chest, the stomach. One of the guards, dismayed at having no bayonet, shot one of the prisoners in the stomach with his sten gun. The crowd watched with interest and the photographers snapped away." 

(149)^ International Commission of Jurists, the Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study by the Secretariat of the International Commission of Jurists 9 (1972)

(150)^ Rummel, R.J. (1997). Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. pp. 334. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6. 20 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200220223228/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 201737 

(151)^ Mahtab, Moyukh (20151223). The burden of remembrance. The Daily Star. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012617/https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/the-burden-remembrance-188032 2016331 

(152)^ Clayson, Alan (2003). George Harrison. London: Sanctuary. ISBN 1-86074-489-3. OCLC 53711564. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53711564 

(153)^ Shankar, Ravi (1999). Raga mala : the autobiography of Ravi Shankar. George Harrison (1st Welcome Rain ed ed.). New York, NY: Welcome Rain Publishers. ISBN 1-56649-104-5. OCLC 42678987. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42678987 

(154)^ Greene, Joshua (2006). Here comes the sun : the spiritual and musical journey of George Harrison. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-69021-X. OCLC 61879673. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61879673 

(155)^ Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles forever (1st McGraw-Hill pbk. ed ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5. OCLC 3844172. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3844172 

(156)^ Leng, Simon (2006). While my guitar gently weeps : the music of George Harrison. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 1-4234-0609-5. OCLC 63680023. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/63680023 

(157)^ abcInternational Commission of Jurists, "The Events in Pakistan: A Legal Study By The Secretariat Of The International Commission Of Jurists" 9 (1972), p. 5657., cited in S. Linton, "Completing the Circle: Accountability for the Crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh War of Liberation," Criminal Law Forum (2010) 21:191311, p. 243.

(158)^ ,,, (), ,, ,,. . . 2021710

(159)^  : 5 : 2018327-48CRID 1520009408093508352ISBN 978-4-908987-04-5ISSN 21899657 :  ;  

(160)^ . . 2021824

(161)^ . (COI).   (2012). 2021824

(162)^ Rummel, R. J. (1994). Death by Government: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-56000-145-4. 26 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190526180021/https://books.google.com/books?id=kPdKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PG315 2019317 

(163)^ Guinness World Records (2006). Guinness World Records 2007. London: Guinness World Records Ltd.. pp. 118119. ISBN 978-1-904994-12-1. 28 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012716/https://books.google.com/books?id=j1YnAAAACAAJ 2020519 

(164)^ Cable from U.S. Consulate in Dacca: Selective Genocide. National Security Archive (1971327). 20095282009525

(165)^ Telegram 959 From the US Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, 28 March 1971, 0540Z Archived 28 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ("Selective Genocide")

(166)^ Office of the Historian. 202012282015210

(167)^ Memorandam for the Record (1971811). 20095282009525

(168)^ Mishra, Pankaj (2013923). Unholy Alliances. The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. 2016319. https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161402/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/09/23/unholy-alliances-3 2016331 

(169)^ Black, Conrad, "Richard Nixon: A Life in Full" (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), p. 756.

(170)^ Christopher Hitchens,  2002ISBN 4-08-781257-XOCLC 675818477https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/675818477 

(171)^ The toxic cult of America's national interest. theweek.com (2014123). 20201228201641

(172)^ Nabi, Waheed (20131021). America's role in Mujib murder. The Daily Star. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012625/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/americas-role-in-mujib-murder 201641 

(173)^ Kennedy Charges Genocide in Pakistan, Urges Aid Cutoff. The Washington Post (1971817). 2011822201337 Alt URL Archived 28 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine.

(174)^ Dring, S. (19711223). Pakistani officers on list for war crimes trials. The Times (London): p. 5 

(175)^ 100 face genocide charges. The Times (London): p. 7. (1972223) 

(176)^ Kharas (1973511). Case Concerning Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India): Request for the Indication of Interim Measures of Protection. International Court of Justice. 2013522014613

(177)^ Linton, Suzannah (2010). Completing the circle: accountability for the crimes of the 1971 Bangladesh war of liberation. Criminal Law Forum 21 (2): 203. doi:10.1007/s10609-010-9119-8. SSRN 2036374. 

(178)^ President's Order No. 8 of 1972 (1972) (Bangl.); Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order (1972) (Bangl.).

(179)^ Bangladesh Collaborators (Special Tribunals) Order, 1972. bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd. 2021630

(180)^ abS. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 205.

(181)^ A. Mascarenhas, 'Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood', Hodder and Stoughton, 1986, p. 25.

(182)^ How We Shortchanged Bangladesh. Newsweek Pakistan (201384). 202012282016331

(183)^ S. Linton, Criminal Law Forum (2010), p. 206.

(184)^ Gwynne Dyer: Genocide trials in Bangladesh. Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly (2013718). 2016414201641

(185)^ Torture in Bangladesh 19712004: Making International Commitments a Reality and Providing Justice and Reparations to Victims.  REDRESS (20048). 20201228201224

(186)^ OP-ED: Remembering what Jahanara Imam achieved. Dhaka Tribune (2020625). 2021824

(187)^ Tithi, Naznin (2016123). GANO ADALOT (). The Daily Star. 2021824

(188)^ Raymond Faisal Solaiman v People's Republic of Bangladesh & Ors Archived 14 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine. In The Federal Magistrates Court of Australia at Sydney.

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(195)^ D'Costa 2011, p. 76.

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(198)^ Mustafa, Sabir (2013). Bangladesh cleric Abul Kalam Azad sentenced to die for war crimes. BBC News. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21118998 20191229 

(199)^ Adams, Brad (2011518). Letter to the Bangladesh Prime Minister regarding the International Crimes (Tribunals) Act. Human Rights Watch. 201942. https://web.archive.org/web/20190402111542/https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/05/18/letter-bangladesh-prime-minister-regarding-international-crimes-tribunals-act 2016122 

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(201)^ Ullah, Ansar Ahmed (201223). Vote of trust for war trial. The Daily Star. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012711/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-221052 20161225 

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(204)^ Jamaat desperately on the offensive. The Daily Sun. 2013515. https://web.archive.org/web/20130515115950/http://www.daily-sun.com/details_yes_09-11-2012_Jamaat-desperately-on-the-offensive_314_1_1_1_7.html 2013126 

(205)^ Mollah Execution: Social sites explode, global media abuzz. The Daily Star. (20131214). 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012713/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/debate-over-quader-mollah-execution 2014613 

(206)^ Bangladesh war crimes trial: Delwar Hossain Sayeedi to die. BBC News. (2013228). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21611769 

(207)^ Haroon Habib (2014917). Top Jamaat leader Sayedee to be in prison until death. The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/bangladesh-supreme-court-commutes-death-sentence-of-jamaat-leader-delwar-sayedee/article6418811.ece 2014919 

(208)^ Roshni Kapur (2012515). Bangladesh Hangs Another Islamist Leader. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/bangladesh-hangs-another-islamist-leader/#:~:text=Nizami%2C%20formerly%20the%20head%20of%20Jammat-e-Islami%2C%20the%20country%E2%80%99s,from%20President%20Abdul%20Hamid%20against%20his%20death%20sentence. 2021328 

(209)^ Haroon Habib (20151121). Two top Bangladesh war criminals hanged. The Hindu. 20161128. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128041343/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/two-top-bangladesh-war-criminals-hanged/article7904194.ece 2016115 

(210)^ Bangladesh Hangs 2 Leaders Convicted of War Crimes. The New York Times (20151122). 202012282016115

(211)^ Bangladesh hangs tycoon for 'war crimes'. PressTV. (201694). http://www.presstv.ir/Detail/2016/09/04/483101/Asia-Bangladesh-Dhaka-JamaatIslami-Party-Mir-Quasem-Ali 2021328 

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(214)^ Ahmed, Inam; Liton, Shakhawat (2015127). Partners in the genocide. The Daily Star. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012719/https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/partners-the-genocide-183616 2016115 

(215)^ "His article was  from Pakistan's point of view  a huge betrayal and he was accused of being an enemy agent. It still denies its forces were behind such atrocities as those described by Mascarenhas, and blames Indian propaganda."Mark Dummett (20111216). Bangladesh war: The article that changed history. BBC News. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012640/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 20111227 

(216)^ Donald W. Beachler. Genocide Denial; The Case of Bangladesh. Institute for the Study of Genocide. 201242620111228

(217)^ Philip Hensher (2013219). The war Bangladesh can never forget. The Independent. 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012642/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/war-bangladesh-can-never-forget-8501636.html 2013226 

(218)^ Text of the tri-patriate agreement of Bangladesh-Pakistan-India. Bangladesh Genocide Archive (200832). 202012282016115

(219)^ Musharraf boosts Bangladesh ties. BBC News. (2002730). 201636. https://web.archive.org/web/20160306053830/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2157891.stm 2016115 

(220)^ ANI, Washington (20201215). Protesters demand apology for Bangladesh genocide (). The Daily Star. 2021824

(221)^ Karim, Rezaul; Adhikary, Tuhin Shubhra (2015121). Pakistan denies committing war crimes in 1971. The Daily Star. 2015125. https://web.archive.org/web/20151205151039/http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/pak-statement-creates-outrage-180628 2016115 

(222)^ Pakistan denies war crimes in Bangladesh. Arab News (201512). 202012282016115

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(224)^ Tusher, Hasan Jahid (2013330). Genocide 1971  Apology not made due to army factor. The Daily Star. 201632. https://web.archive.org/web/20160302143504/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/apology-not-made-due-to-army-factor/ 2016115 

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(226)^ Why Pakistan should apologise to Bangladesh. The Express Tribune (20121127). 202012282016115

(227)^ Asma Jahangir for UN body to investigate genocide in 1971. Dhaka Tribune. 202012282016115

(228)^ Stop Genocide, Documentary film by Zahir Raihan.  YouTube. 20201228202068

(229)^ The making of Stop Genocide and disappearance of Zahir Raihan. The Daily Star. (20081219). 20201228. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012650/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67680 202068 

(230)^ Khaled's war - English (Full).  YouTube. 20201228202068

(231)^ Major Khaled's war.  Wikidata. 20201228202068

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(233)^ Nine Months To Freedom: The Story of Bangladesh.  Indian Cine. 20201228202068

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参考文献[編集]

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関連項目[編集]

外部リンク[編集]