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The '''retroflex clicks''' are a family of [[click consonant]]s known only from the [[Central ǃKung]] language or dialect of [[Namibia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scott|first1=Abigail |last2=Miller|first2=Amanda |last3=Namaseb|first3=Levi |last4=Sands|first4=Bonny |last5=Shah|first5=Sheena|date=June 2, 2010|title= Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of ǃXung |journal= University of Botswana, Department of African Languages}}</ref> They are [[retroflex consonant|sub-apical retroflex]] and should not be confused with the more widespread [[ |
The '''retroflex clicks''' are a family of [[click consonant]]s known only from the [[Central ǃKung]] language or dialect of [[Namibia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Scott|first1=Abigail |last2=Miller|first2=Amanda |last3=Namaseb|first3=Levi |last4=Sands|first4=Bonny |last5=Shah|first5=Sheena|date=June 2, 2010|title= Retroflex Clicks in Two Dialects of ǃXung |journal= University of Botswana, Department of African Languages}}</ref> They are [[retroflex consonant|sub-apical retroflex]] and should not be confused with the more widespread [[postalveolar click]]s, which are sometimes mistakenly called "retroflex" (for example in Unicode) due to their concave tongue shape. |
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The 'implicit' symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the forward articulation of these sounds is {{angbr IPA|𝼊}} |
The 'implicit' symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents the forward articulation of these sounds is {{angbr IPA|𝼊}}.<ref name=non-pulmonic>Kirk Miller & Michael Ashby, [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf L2/20-253R] Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic.</ref><ref>The Unicode character {{angbr IPA|𝼊}} was only adopted 2021. It may be substituted in some fonts with a combining diacritic, such as {{angbr IPA|ǃ̢}} or {{angbr IPA|ǃ̨}}.</ref> However, usage is rare. In the literature, retroflex clicks are typically written with the ''ad hoc'' digraph {{angbr IPA|‼}}, the convention since Doke identified them as retroflex in 1926. (Doke's proposed symbol, {{angbr IPA|ψ}},<ref>{{cite journal|first=Clement M.|last=Doke|year=1925|title=An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari|journal=Bantu Studies|volume=2|pages=129–166|doi=10.1080/02561751.1923.9676181}}</ref> did not catch on, nor did Vedder's and Anders' {{angbr|⦀}}.<ref>{{cite journal|first=H.D.|last=Anders|year=1935|title=A note on a South Eastern Bushman dialect|journal=Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen|volume=25|pages=81–89}}<br>—— {{cite journal|year=1937|title=The clicks|journal=South African Journal of Science|volume=33|pages=926–939}}</ref> For a while Amanda Miller, who noted a lateral fricated release (as had Vedder), transcribed them {{angbr IPA|ǃ𐞷}}.<ref>{{cite book|first=Amanda|last=Miller|year=2009|title=Contrastive Coronal Click Types in !Xung}}</ref>) |
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Retroflex clicks are extraordinarily rare. True retroflex clicks occur in at least some dialects of Central ǃKung. The [[Damin]] ritual jargon of [[Australia]] may have had a voiced nasal retroflex click, transcribed by Hale & Nash as {{angbr|rn!}}, though |
Retroflex clicks are extraordinarily rare. True retroflex clicks occur in at least some dialects of Central ǃKung. The [[Damin]] ritual jargon of [[Australia]] may have had a voiced nasal retroflex click, transcribed by Hale & Nash as {{angbr|rn!}}, though it's not known if it was phonemically distinct. However, Damin clicks presumably reflected the consonant articulations of [[Lardil language|Lardil]], in which the "retroflex" consonants are retracted [[apical consonant|apical]] alveolar rather than true retroflex, so it is likely that the Damin distinction could be described as post-alveolar apical {{IPA|[ᵑǃ̠]}} ({{angbr|rn!}}) vs a more fronted apical {{IPA|[ᵑǃ̪]}} ({{angbr|n!}}). |
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Basic retroflex clicks are: |
Basic retroflex clicks are: |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*The [[fricated palatal click]] of [[Ekoka ǃKung]], which was once thought to be retroflex |
*The [[fricated palatal click]] of [[Ekoka ǃKung]], which was once thought to be retroflex |
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==Notes and references== |
==Notes and references== |
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| Retroflex click (plain velar) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| k͡𝼊 k͡‼ | |||
| ᵏ𝼊 ᵏ‼ | |||
| 𝼊 ‼ | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | 𝼊 | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+1DF0A | ||
| |||
| Voiced retroflex click | |
|---|---|
| ɡ͡𝼊 ɡ͡‼ | |
| ᶢ𝼊 ᶢ‼ | |
| 𝼊̬ ‼̬ |
| Retroflex nasal click | |
|---|---|
| ŋ͡𝼊 ŋ͡‼ | |
| ᵑ𝼊 ᵑ‼ | |
| 𝼊̃ ‼̃ |
The retroflex clicks are a family of click consonants known only from the Central ǃKung language or dialect of Namibia.[1] They are sub-apical retroflex and should not be confused with the more widespread postalveolar clicks, which are sometimes mistakenly called "retroflex" (for example in Unicode) due to their concave tongue shape.
The 'implicit' symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the forward articulation of these sounds is ⟨𝼊⟩.[2][3] However, usage is rare. In the literature, retroflex clicks are typically written with the ad hoc digraph ⟨‼⟩, the convention since Doke identified them as retroflex in 1926. (Doke's proposed symbol, ⟨ψ⟩,[4] did not catch on, nor did Vedder's and Anders' ⟨⦀⟩.[5] For a while Amanda Miller, who noted a lateral fricated release (as had Vedder), transcribed them ⟨ǃ𐞷⟩.[6])
Retroflex clicks are extraordinarily rare. True retroflex clicks occur in at least some dialects of Central ǃKung. The Damin ritual jargon of Australia may have had a voiced nasal retroflex click, transcribed by Hale & Nash as ⟨rn!⟩, though it's not known if it was phonemically distinct. However, Damin clicks presumably reflected the consonant articulations of Lardil, in which the "retroflex" consonants are retracted apical alveolar rather than true retroflex, so it is likely that the Damin distinction could be described as post-alveolar apical [ᵑǃ̠] (⟨rn!⟩) vs a more fronted apical [ᵑǃ̪] (⟨n!⟩).
Basic retroflex clicks are:
| Trans. I | Trans. II | Trans. III | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| (velar) | |||
| ⟨k͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨ᵏ𝼊⟩ | ⟨𝼊⟩ | tenuis retroflex click |
| ⟨k͜𝼊ʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵏ𝼊ʰ⟩ | ⟨𝼊ʰ⟩ | aspirated retroflex click |
| ⟨ɡ͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨ᶢ𝼊⟩ | ⟨𝼊̬⟩ | voiced retroflex click |
| ⟨ŋ͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨ᵑ𝼊⟩ | ⟨𝼊̃⟩ | retroflex nasal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜𝼊ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᵑ𝼊ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨𝼊̃ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated retroflex nasal click |
| ⟨ŋ͜𝼊ˀ⟩ | ⟨ᵑ𝼊ˀ⟩ | ⟨𝼊̃ˀ⟩ | glottalized retroflex nasal click |
| (uvular) | |||
| ⟨q͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨𐞥𝼊⟩ | tenuis retroflex click | |
| ⟨q͜𝼊ʰ⟩ | ⟨𐞥𝼊ʰ⟩ | aspirated retroflex click | |
| ⟨ɢ͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨𐞒𝼊⟩ | voiced retroflex click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜𝼊⟩ | ⟨ᶰ𝼊⟩ | retroflex nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜𝼊ʰʰ⟩ | ⟨ᶰ𝼊ʰʰ⟩ | aspirated retroflex nasal click | |
| ⟨ɴ͜𝼊ˀ⟩ | ⟨ᶰ𝼊ˀ⟩ | glottalized retroflex nasal click | |
Features of postalveolar clicks:
As with other click articulations, retroflex clicks may be produced with various manners. An example is the voiced retroflex click in the Grootfontein ǃKung (Central Juu) word for 'water', [ᶢ𝼊𐞷ú] (g‼ú).
Damin is the only other language known to have had such a sound, though only the nasal click occurred.
A retroflex series claimed for Ekoka ǃKung turns out to be domed palatal clicks.
