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(Top) 1 Features 2 Occurrence 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Voiced retroflex flap

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IPA Number 125

Audio sample

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Encoding

Entity (decimal) ɽ

Unicode (hex) U+027D

X-SAMPA r`

Braille

Image

The voiced retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r`.

Features[edit]

Features of the voiced retroflex flap:

Its manner of articulationistap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
Its place of articulationisretroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanismispulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bengali^[1]		গাড়ি	[ɡäɽiː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar.^[1] See Bengali phonology
Dutch^[2]^[3]	North Brabant^[4]	riem	[ɽim]	'belt'	A rare word-initial variant of /r/.^[5]^[6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology
Dutch^[2]^[3]	Northern Netherlands^[4]^[7]	riem	[ɽim]	'belt'
Elfdalian		luv	[ɽʏːv]	'permission'
Enga		yála	[jɑɽɑ]	'shame'
Gokana^[8]		bele	[beːɽeː]	'we'	Apical postalveolar. Allophone of /l/, medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar trill or simply [l] instead.^[8]
Hausa		bara	[bəɽä]	'servant'	Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩
Hindustani^[9]	Hindi	बड़ा	[bəɽäː]	'big'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.^[9] See Hindustani phonology
Hindustani^[9]	Urdu	بڑا	[bəɽäː]	'big'
Nepali^[10]		भाडा	[bʱäɽä]	'rent'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.^[11] See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	Central dialects^[12]	blad	[bɽɑː]	'leaf'	Allophone of /l/ and /r/. In Urban East Norwegian it often alternates with the alveolar [ɾ], save for a small number of words.^[12]^[13] See Norwegian phonology
Norwegian	Eastern dialects^[12]^[13]	blad	[bɽɑː]	'leaf'
Odia^[14]		ଗାଡ଼ି	[ɡäɽiː]	'car'	Apical postalveolar; postvocalic allophone of /ɖ, ɖʱ/.^[14]
Okinawan		karatii	[kaɽatii]	'karate'	Intervocalic allophone of /ɾ/.
Portuguese	Some European speakers^[15]	falar	[fɐˈläɽ]	'to speak'	Allophone of /ɾ/. See Portuguese phonology
	Brazilian caipira speakers^[16]^[17]	madeira	[mäˈd̪eɽə]	'wood'
	Some sertanejo speakers^[18]	gargalhar	[ɡäɽɡäˈʎäɽ]	'to guffaw'
Punjabi^[19]	Gurmukhi	ਘੋੜਾ	[gʱòːɽaː]	'horse'
Punjabi^[19]	Shahmukhi	گھوڑا	[gʱòːɽaː]	'horse'
Scottish Gaelic	Lewis	thuirt	[hʉɽʈ]	'said'	Possible realisation of /rˠ/.
Shipibo^[20]		roro	[ˈɽo̽ɽo̽]	'to break'	Apical postalveolar; possible realization of /r/.^[20]
Swedish	Some dialects^[13]	blad	[bɽɑː(d)]	'leaf'	Allophone of /l/ and /ɖ/. See Swedish phonology
Tamil		நாடு	[naːɽɯ]	'country'	Intervocalic and word-medial allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu		గోడు	[goːɽu]	'grief'	Allophone of /ɖ/
Tukano^[21]	Ye’pâ-Masa	petâ-de	[pɛ̀ɛ̥̀táɽɛ᷆]	'(relative to the) port'	Realisation of ⟨d⟩ in certain positions. Nasalised [ɽ͂] in nasal contexts.^[21]
Wapishana^[22]		[pɨɖaɽɨ]		'your father'
Warlpiri		jarda	[caɽa]	'sleep'	Transcribes /ɽ/asrd.
Yidiny^[23]		[gambi:ɽ]		'tablelands'

Notes[edit]

^ ^a ^b Mazumdar (2000:57)

^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)

^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)

^ ^a ^b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)

^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101, 107)

^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–54)

^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)

^ ^a ^b L.F. Brosnahan. "Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-11-24.

^ ^a ^b Tiwari (2004:?)

^ Khatiwada (2009:377)

^ Khatiwada (2009:374)

^ ^a ^b ^c Heide (2010:3–44)

^ ^a ^b ^c Kristoffersen (2000:24)

^ ^a ^b Masica (1991:107)

^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (in Portuguese)

^ (in Portuguese) Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21

^ (in Portuguese) Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis Archived 2013-09-26 at the Wayback Machine. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)

^ (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Pages 22 and 23.

^ Bashir, Elena; J. Conners, Thomas (2019). "3.3.1". A Descriptive Grammar of Hindko, Panjabi, and Saraiki. Vol. 4 of Mouton-CASL Grammar Series. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 24. ISBN 9781614512257.

^ ^a ^b Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001:282)

^ ^a ^b Ramirez (2019:22)

^ dos Santos (2006:34)

^ Dixon, R.M.W (1977). A Grammar of Yidiɲ. London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-521-14242-7.

References[edit]

dos Santos, Manoel Gomes (2006), Uma gramática do Wapixana (Aruak): aspectos da fonologia, da morfologia e da sintaxe (PhD thesis), Campinas: University of Campinas, doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2006.368861, hdl:20.500.12733/1602812

Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 91–112. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Heide, Eldar (2010), "Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.", Maal og Minne (in Norwegian), 1, Novus forlag

Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181

Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5

Labrune, Laurence (2012), The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4

Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526

Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0

Ramirez, Henri (2019), A Fala Tukano dos Ye'pâ-Masa: Tomo I, Porto Velho: CEDEM

Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X

Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109

Vance, Timothy J. (2008), The Sounds of Japanese, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-5216-1754-3

Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001). "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch". In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.). 'r-atics. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 45–61. ISSN 0777-3692. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)

Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge Language Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.

External links[edit]

List of languages with [ɽ]onPHOIBLE

International Phonetic Alphabet (chart)

IPA topics

IPA

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Encodings

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bilabial		Labiodental		Linguolabial		Dental		Alveolar		Postalveolar		Retroflex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal/epiglottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m	ɱ̊	ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ	ɴ̥	ɴ
Plosive	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	tʂ	dʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔	ɻ̊˔	ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ						ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			tꞎ	d𝼅	c𝼆	ɟʎ̝	k𝼄	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ꞎ	𝼅	𝼆	ʎ̝	𝼄	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			𝼈̥	𝼈		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate		p̪fʼ	t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	tʂʼ	tɕʼ	kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			c𝼆ʼ	k𝼄ʼ	q𝼄ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k𝼊 q𝼊	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
Implosive	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥