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| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] |
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| Yerevan dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref> |
| Yerevan dialect<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|pp=17–18}}</ref> |
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| [[Armenian alphabet|'''տ'''ասը]]/ |
| [[Armenian alphabet|'''տ'''ասը]]/t'asë |
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|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈtʼɑsə]}} |
|align=center| {{IPA|[ˈtʼɑsə]}} |
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| 'ten' |
| 'ten' |
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Find sources: "Dental and alveolar ejective stops" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Alveolar ejective stop | |||
---|---|---|---|
tʼ | |||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | tť | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+0165 | ||
X-SAMPA | t_> | ||
|
Dental ejective stop | |
---|---|
t̪ʼ | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | t̪ť |
Unicode (hex) | U+0074 U+032A U+0165 |
X-SAMPA | t_d_> |
The alveolar and dental ejective stops are types of consonantal sound, usually described as voiceless, that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ejectives are indicated with a "modifier letter apostrophe" ⟨ʼ⟩,[1] as in this article. A reversed apostrophe is sometimes used to represent light aspiration, as in Armenian linguistics ⟨p‘ t‘ k‘⟩; this usage is obsolete in the IPA. In other transcription traditions, the apostrophe represents palatalization: ⟨pʼ⟩ = IPA ⟨pʲ⟩. In some Americanist traditions, an apostrophe indicates weak ejection and an exclamation mark strong ejection: ⟨k̓ , k!⟩. In the IPA, the distinction might be written ⟨kʼ, kʼʼ⟩, but it seems that no language distinguishes degrees of ejection.
In alphabets using the Latin script, an IPA-like apostrophe for ejective consonants is common. However, there are other conventions. In Hausa, the hooked letter ƙ is used for /kʼ/. In Zulu and Xhosa, whose ejection is variable between speakers, plain consonant letters are used: p t k ts tsh kr for /pʼ tʼ kʼ tsʼ tʃʼ kxʼ/. In some conventions for Haida and Hadza, double letters are used: tt kk qq ttl tts for /tʼ kʼ qʼ tɬʼ tsʼ/ (Haida) and zz jj dl gg for /tsʼ tʃʼ cʎ̥˔ʼ kxʼ/ (Hadza).
InOromo /tʼ/ is written as ⟨x⟩.
Features of the alveolar ejective:
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dahalo[2] | [t̪ʼat̪t̪a] | 'hair' | Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar ejective.[3] |
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adyghe | ятӀэ/i͡atḣė | [jaːtʼa]ⓘ | 'dirt' | ||
Amharic | ጥጃ/ṭəǧǧa/t'ejah/tehǧa | [tʼɨd͡ʒːa] | 'calf' | ||
Armenian | Yerevan dialect[4] | տասը/t'asë | [ˈtʼɑsə] | 'ten' | Corresponds to tenuis [t⁼] in other Eastern dialects |
Chechen | тӏай / thay / طای | [tʼəj] | 'bridge' | ||
Dahalo[2] | [t̺ʼirimalle] | 'spider' | Apical, contrasts with laminal denti-alveolar ejective.[3] | ||
Ganza[5]: 95 | [tʼóɗó] | 'black' | |||
Georgian | ტიტა/t'it'a | [ˈtʼitʼä] | 'tulip' | ||
Haida | qqayttas | [qʼajtʼas] | 'basket' | ||
Kabardian | тӀы / ţə / طە | [tʼə]ⓘ | 'ram' | ||
Kawésqar | t'ǽrkse | [tʼǽɾkse] | 'spicy' | ||
Khwarshi | тӀая/t'aja | [tʼaja] | 'to drop' | ||
Mingrelian | ტყები/t'q'ɛbi | [ˈtʼqʼɛbi] | 'leather' | ||
Navajo | yáʼátʼééh | [jáʔátʼɛ́ːh]or[jáʔátʼéːh] | 'greetings' or 'hello' | literally 'it is good'[6] | |
Nez Perce | tʼeyíitʼeyii | [tʼæˈjiːtʼæjiː] | 'flat' | ||
Ossetian | Iron | стъалы/sthaly | [ˈstʼäɫɪ̈] | 'star' | |
Quechua | tʼanta | [tʼæntæ] | 'bread' | ||
Svan | ტჷნ/tʼən | [tʼən] | 'body' |