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{{Short description|Consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}} |
{{More citations needed|date=December 2014}} |
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{{IPA notice}} |
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{{Contains special characters|IPA}} |
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In [[phonetics]], '''labiodentals''' are [[consonant]]s [[Place of articulation|articulated]] with the lower [[lip]] and the upper [[teeth]]. |
In [[phonetics]], '''labiodentals''' are [[consonant]]s [[Place of articulation|articulated]] with the lower [[lip]] and the upper [[teeth]]. In English, labiodentalized /s/, /z/ and /r/ are characteristic of some individuals; these may be written {{IPA|[sᶹ], [zᶹ], [ɹᶹ]}}.<ref>John Laver (1994: 323) ''Principles of Phonetics''.</ref> |
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==Labiodental |
==Labiodental consonantsin the IPA== |
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The labiodental consonants identified by the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] are: |
The labiodental consonants identified by the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] are: |
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! Meaning |
! Meaning |
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|- |
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! {{IPA|ɱ̊}} |
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⚫ | |||
| [[Angami language|Angami]]<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami |last1=Blankenship |first1=Barbara |last2=Ladefoged |first2=Peter |last3=Bhaskararao |first3=Peri |last4=Chase |first4=Nichumeno |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=Fall 1993 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/blankenship1992phonetic.pdf}}</ref> |
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| colspan=2 align=center | {{example needed|date=November 2022}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
! {{IPA|ɱ}} |
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| [[voiced labiodental nasal]] |
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| [[Kukuya language|Kukuya]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Paulian|1975|p=41}}</ref> <small>(disputed)</small> |
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| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| {{IPA|[ɱíì]}} |
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| 'eyes' |
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|- |
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! {{IPA|p̪}} |
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| [[voiceless labiodental plosive]] |
| [[voiceless labiodental plosive]] |
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| [[Greek language|Greek]] |
| [[Greek language|Greek]] |
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| 'sapphire' |
| 'sapphire' |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|b̪}} |
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| [[voiced labiodental plosive]] |
| [[voiced labiodental plosive]] |
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| [[Sika language|Sika]] |
| [[Sika language|Sika]] |
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| colspan="3" | {{example needed|date=December 2018}} |
| colspan="3" | {{example needed|date=December 2018}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|p̪͡f}} |
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| [[voiceless labiodental affricate]] |
| [[voiceless labiodental affricate]] |
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| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] |
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] |
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| 'hippos' |
| 'hippos' |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|b̪͡v}} |
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| [[voiced labiodental affricate]] |
| [[voiced labiodental affricate]] |
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| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] |
| [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] |
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| 'chin' |
| 'chin' |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|f}} |
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⚫ | |||
| [[English language|English]] |
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| sy'''m'''phony |
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| {{IPA|[ˈsɪ'''ɱ'''fəni]}} |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|style="font-size:140%"| {{IPA|f}} |
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| [[voiceless labiodental fricative]] |
| [[voiceless labiodental fricative]] |
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| [[English language|English]] |
| [[English language|English]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|v}} |
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| [[voiced labiodental fricative]] |
| [[voiced labiodental fricative]] |
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| [[English language|English]] |
| [[English language|English]] |
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| |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|ʋ}} |
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| [[labiodental approximant]] |
| [[voiced labiodental approximant]] |
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| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] |
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| '''w'''ang |
| '''w'''ang |
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| 'cheek' |
| 'cheek' |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|ⱱ}} |
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| [[labiodental flap]] |
| [[voiced labiodental flap]] |
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| [[Mono language (Congo)|Mono]] |
| [[Mono language (Congo)|Mono]] |
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| '''vw'''a |
| '''vw'''a |
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| 'send' |
| 'send' |
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|- |
|- |
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! {{IPA|p̪͡fʼ}} |
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| [[labiodental ejective affricate]] |
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|[[Tsetsaut language|Tsetsaut]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boas |first1=Franz |first2=Pliny Earle |last2=Goddard |date=July 1924 |title=Ts'ets'aut, an Athapascan Language from Portland Canal, British Columbia |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–35 |doi=10.1086/463746 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=1264498 |title=The Position of the Tsetsaut among Northern Athapaskans |last=Tharp |first=George W. |date=January 1972 |journal=International Journal of American Linguistics |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1086/465179|s2cid=145318136 }}</ref> |
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|apfʼo |
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|{{IPA|[ap̪͡fʼo]}} |
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|"boil" |
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|- |
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! {{IPA|fʼ}} |
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| [[labiodental ejective fricative]] |
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|[[Yapese language|Yapese]]<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Ballantyne |first=Keira Gebbie |year=2005 |title=Textual Structure and Discourse Prominence in Yapese Narrative |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of Hawai'i |page=32 |hdl=10125/11702 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> |
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| ''f'aang'' |
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| {{IPA|[fʼaːŋ]}} |
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| 'type of eel' |
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|- |
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! {{IPA|ʘ̪}} |
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| [[labial click|labiodental click]] release (many different consonants) |
| [[labial click|labiodental click]] release (many different consonants) |
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| [[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] |
| [[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] |
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==Occurrence== |
==Occurrence== |
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The only common labiodental sounds to occur [[phoneme|phonemically]] are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa |
The only common labiodental sounds to occur [[phoneme|phonemically]] are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa.{{sfnp|Olson|Hajek|2003}} With most other [[Manner of articulation|manners of articulation]], the norm are [[bilabial consonant]]s (which together with labiodentals, form the class of [[labial consonant]]s). |
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{{IPA|[ɱ]}} is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/m/}} before labiodental consonants such as {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of [[Teke languages|Teke]], but similar claims in the past have proven spurious. |
{{IPA|[ɱ]}} is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an [[allophone]] of {{IPA|/m/}} before labiodental consonants such as {{IPA|/v/}} and {{IPA|/f/}}. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of [[Teke languages|Teke]], but similar claims in the past have proven spurious. |
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The XiNkuna dialect of [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the [[German language|German]] [[voiceless labiodental affricate]] |
The XiNkuna dialect of [[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the [[German language|German]] [[voiceless labiodental affricate]] {{angbr|pf}}, which commences with a [[voiceless bilabial stop|bilabial p]]. All these affricates are rare sounds.{{cn|reason=This can't include the last example, since in German they are not rare.|date=November 2020}} |
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The stops are not confirmed to exist as separate [[phoneme]]s in any language. They are sometimes written as ''ȹ ȸ'' ''(qp'' and ''db'' [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]s). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments{{ |
The stops are not confirmed to exist as separate [[phoneme]]s in any language. They are sometimes written as ''ȹ ȸ'' ''(qp'' and ''db'' [[Typographic ligature|ligature]]s). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments.<ref>{{Cite journal |first1=Anne |last1=Hesketh |first2=Evgenia |last2=Dima |first3=Veronica |last3=Nelson |date=2007 |title=Teaching phoneme awareness to pre-literate children with speech disorder: a randomized controlled trial |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17514541/ |journal=International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=251–271 |doi=10.1080/13682820600940141 |issn=1368-2822 |pmid=17514541}}</ref> |
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=={{vanchor|Dentolabial}} consonants== |
=={{vanchor|Dentolabial}} consonants== |
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Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the [[upper lip]]. They are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the prevalence of [[malocclusion|dental malocclusions]] (especially [[retrognathism]]) that make them difficult to produce,{{ |
Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the [[upper lip]]. They are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the prevalence of [[malocclusion|dental malocclusions]] (especially [[retrognathism]]) that make them difficult to produce,<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=33441808 |date=2021 |last1=Everett |first1=C. |last2=Chen |first2=S. |title=Speech adapts to differences in dentition within and across populations |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=1066 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-80190-8 |pmc=7806889 }}</ref> though the voiceless dentolabial fricative is apparently used in some of the southwestern dialects of Greenlandic.{{sfnp|Vebæk|2006|p=20}} |
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The diacritic for dentolabial in the [[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|extensions of the IPA]] for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, {{angbr IPA|◌͆}}, by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: {{angbr IPA|m͆ p͆ b͆ f͆ v͆}}. Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible. |
The diacritic for dentolabial in the [[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet|extensions of the IPA]] for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, {{angbr IPA|◌͆}}, by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: {{angbr IPA|m͆ p͆ b͆ f͆ v͆}}. Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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==Sources== |
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*{{SOWL}} |
*{{SOWL}} |
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*Olson |
* {{cite journal |last1=Olson |first1=Kenneth S. |first2=John |last2=Hajek |year=2003 |title=Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap |journal=Linguistic Typology |volume=7 |issue=2|pages=157–186 |doi=10.1515/lity.2003.014}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Paulian |first=Christiane |year=1975 |title=Le kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales |publisher=SELAF |location=Paris |isbn=9782852970083}} |
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*Vebæk, Mâliâraq. 2006. The southernmost People of Greenland-Dialects and Memories (Vol. 337): Qavaat-Oqalunneri Eqqaamassaallu. Museum Tusculanum Press. {{ISBN|978-87-635-1273-2}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Vebæk |first=Mâliâraq |year=2006 |title=The southernmost People of Greenland-Dialects and Memories |isbn=978-87-635-1273-2 |doi=10.26530/OAPEN_342373 |doi-access=free |series=Monographs on Greenland |volume=337}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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|page=eaav3218 |
|page=eaav3218 |
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|doi=10.1126/science.aav3218 |
|doi=10.1126/science.aav3218 |
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|pmid=30872490 |
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|doi-access=free |
|doi-access=free |
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}} |
}} |
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|last=Hockett |
|last=Hockett |
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|first=Charles |
|first=Charles |
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|year= |
|year=1989 |
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|title=Distinguished Lecture: F |
|title=Distinguished Lecture: F |
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|journal=American Anthropologist |
|journal=American Anthropologist |
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|pages=263–281 |
|pages=263–281 |
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|doi=10.1525/aa.1985.87.2.02a00020 |
|doi=10.1525/aa.1985.87.2.02a00020 |
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|doi-access= |
|doi-access= |
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|jstor=678561 |
|jstor=678561 |
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}} |
}} |
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this articlebyadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Labiodental consonant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Inphonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth. In English, labiodentalized /s/, /z/ and /r/ are characteristic of some individuals; these may be written [sᶹ], [zᶹ], [ɹᶹ].[1]
The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
IPA | Description | Example | |||
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Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
ɱ̊ | voiceless labiodental nasal | Angami[2] | [example needed] | ||
ɱ | voiced labiodental nasal | Kukuya[3] (disputed) | [ɱíì] | 'eyes' | |
p̪ | voiceless labiodental plosive | Greek | σάπφειρος | [ˈsap̪firo̞s̠] | 'sapphire' |
b̪ | voiced labiodental plosive | Sika | [example needed] | ||
p̪͡f | voiceless labiodental affricate | Tsonga | timpfuvu | [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] | 'hippos' |
b̪͡v | voiced labiodental affricate | Tsonga | shilebvu | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' |
f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English | fan | [fæn] | |
v | voiced labiodental fricative | English | van | [væn] | |
ʋ | voiced labiodental approximant | Dutch | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' |
ⱱ | voiced labiodental flap | Mono | vwa | [ⱱa] | 'send' |
p̪͡fʼ | labiodental ejective affricate | Tsetsaut[4][5] | apfʼo | [ap̪͡fʼo] | "boil" |
fʼ | labiodental ejective fricative | Yapese[6] | f'aang | [fʼaːŋ] | 'type of eel' |
ʘ̪ | labiodental click release (many different consonants) | Nǁng | ʘoe | [k͡ʘ̪oe] | 'meat' |
The IPA chart shades out labiodental lateral consonants.[7] This is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. In fact, the fricatives [f] and [v] often have lateral airflow, but no language makes a distinction for centrality, and the allophony is not noticeable.
The IPA symbol ɧ refers to a sound occurring in Swedish, officially described as similar to the velar fricative [x], but one dialectal variant is a rounded, velarized labiodental, less ambiguously rendered as [fˠʷ]. The labiodental click is an allophonic variant of the (bi)labial click.
The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa.[8] With most other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals, form the class of labial consonants).
[ɱ] is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an allophoneof/m/ before labiodental consonants such as /v/ and /f/. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious.
The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as Xhosa, affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the German voiceless labiodental affricate ⟨pf⟩, which commences with a bilabial p. All these affricates are rare sounds.[citation needed]
The stops are not confirmed to exist as separate phonemes in any language. They are sometimes written as ȹ ȸ (qp and db ligatures). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments.[9]
Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the upper lip. They are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the prevalence of dental malocclusions (especially retrognathism) that make them difficult to produce,[10] though the voiceless dentolabial fricative is apparently used in some of the southwestern dialects of Greenlandic.[11]
The diacritic for dentolabial in the extensions of the IPA for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, ⟨◌͆⟩, by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: ⟨m͆ p͆ b͆ f͆ v͆⟩. Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible.
Articulation
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