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香辛料貿易

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
経済的に重要なシルクロード(赤)と香辛料貿易のルート(青)は、オスマン帝国時代に遮断される。1453年の東ローマ帝国の崩壊は、アフリカ航路開拓のための探検を促し、大航海時代を引き起こした。
1498年におけるヴァスコ・ダ・ガマの航海ルート(黒)。緑線は通常のルートであり、橙線は1488年のペロ・ダ・コビリャの旅程、青線はアフォンソ・デ・パイヴァの旅程である。

貿貿[1]貿- (Incense Route) [2] [3]-BC5-AD1117貿

貿貿[1]貿貿貿貿貿1453貿退

貿[4]貿貿[5]1498-[6]

貿[5][6]貿[1]貿[4]

[]

貿
Erythraean Sea1貿

[1][1][7][2]貿[1]使貿[8]

貿[8]-1貿30西107

80[1]貿1[9]貿

The Cambridge History of Africa (1975)[3]
The trade with Arabia and India in incense and spices became increasingly important, and Greeks for the first time began to trade directly with India. The discovery, or rediscovery, of the sea-route to India is attributed to a certain Eudoxos, who was sent out for this purpose towards the end of the reign of Ptolemy Euergetes II (died 116 BC). Eudoxos made two voyages to India, and subsequently, having quarrelled with his Ptolemaic employers, perished in an unsuccessful attempt to open up an alternative sea route to India, free of Ptolemaic control, by sailing around Africa. The establishment of direct contacts between Egypt and India was probably made possible by a weakening of Arab power at this period, for the Sabaean kingdom of South-western Arabia collapsed and was replaced by Himyarite Kingdom around 115 BC. Imports into Egypt of cinnamon and other eastern spices, such as pepper, increased substantially, though the Indian Ocean trade remained for the moment on quite a small scale, no more than twenty Egyptian ships venturing outside the Red Sea each year.

貿貿8(Eudoxus of Cyzicus)2115西貿20

貿[10]貿西[11][12]

[13]貿[13]Khruse[14]

貿使[15][15]

貿[]


5貿[1]貿貿

7-8[13]貿Spice Islands[ 1] 1365Maloko[16] 14-15[16]=Sulaima al-Mahr西Maluku[16]

[17]貿(en:Ormus)[17]貿[18][18]

Ibn Khurdadhbeh (850)al-Ghafiqi (1150)Ishak bin Imaran (907)Al Kalkashandi (14)[17][19]

沿815貿貿貿1453

大航海時代:新規航路の開拓と新世界の発見[編集]

ポルトガルのインド艦隊の貿易ルート(青)。1498年のヴァスコ・ダ・ガマの旅程とそのマニラ・ガレオン及びスペインインディアス艦隊が1568年に確立したルート(白)。
ゲオルク・ブラウンフランツ・ホーゲンベルクの地図より、1572年におけるインドのカリカットのイメージ。

貿1[1]15貿1453貿貿西貿西

151488貿[20]9149714[6]調貿[6]

1492西[21]81500辿西91501[22]

貿西15201021沿1521316118西1522

貿[]


200215195[1]

(15954)[23]1598600,00017[23]

2002[1]
In 1602 the Dutch East India Company came into existence by authority of the Estates-General of the Netherlands. In 1664 the French East India Company was organized by state authorization under Louis XIV. Other European nations granted charters to East India companies with varying success. There followed struggles and conquests to gain advantage and monopolistic control of the trade. For more than 100 years Portugal was the dominant power, eventually yielding to English and Dutch enterprise and conquest; by the 19th century British interests were firmly rooted in India and Ceylon, and the Dutch were in control over the greater part of the East Indies.

1602166414貿19100

貿[23]1641[23]貿[23]貿[23]

貿A.2003[24]
Trade by Europeans between different parts of South and East Asia was often more profitable than supplying the home countries. In the 1530s, the Portuguese shipped substantially more cloves, nutmegs, and mace to India and Hormuz than to Portugal. The buyers in Hormuz were "Moorish merchants who pass[ed] it on, over Persia, Arabia and all Asia as far as Turkey." From at least the seventeenth century, the same products were taken to Bengal by the Portuguese and the Dutch. English merchants found that they sold "Exceedingly well in Surratt" and other Indian and Persian stations. The Dutch between 1620 and 1740 marketed one-third or more of their spices, notably cloves, in Asia: Persia, Arabia, and India. Japan was served by the Portuguese from Macau and later by the Dutch, but the demand for cloves and spices generally was said in the early seventeenth century to be relatively small and prices were consequently low.

貿153017Exceedingly well in Surratt162017401/317

1786[25]18[26][26]

1585西[26]181627-1702[26]18[26]

1815[25]西貿[25]

18[27][27]

19貿[28]貿貿[29]1818[30]貿[30]-貿貿5[30]

19貿退[31]

[]


貿貿[32]貿[33]10貿[31]貿[31][34]

貿貿[35][4]貿[36]

貿[37]

[ 2] 調[38][39]1811[40]

脚注[編集]

注釈[編集]

  1. ^ マルク(Maluku)とも表記される。
  2. ^ 窯やオーブンを使った意味での「焼く」調理法。baking。

出典[編集]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k spice trade (Encyclopedia Britannica 2002)
  2. ^ a b Traders of the Gold and Incense Road”. Message of the Republic of Yemen, Berlin. 2007年7月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2007年9月7日閲覧。
  3. ^ a b Fage 1975: 164
  4. ^ a b c Donkin 2003
  5. ^ a b Corn & Glasserman 1999: Prologue
  6. ^ a b c d Gama, Vasco da. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press.
  7. ^ Rawlinson 2001: 11-12
  8. ^ a b Shaw 2003: 426
  9. ^ Lach 1994: 13
  10. ^ ガルッスがエジプト総督であった時代、私は彼に同行してナイル川を遡り、エチオピアとの国境近くのアスワンまで赴いた。私は120あまりの船がミュオス・ホルモス(注:紅海最奧に位置するエジプトの港町)からインドへ向かう予定だと知った。以前のことだが、プトレマイオスの治世下で、一度だけ、わずかな危険を冒してインドの交易品を船で運んだことがある。」(ストラボン II.5.12.); The Geography of Strabo. Vol. I of the Loeb Classical Library edition, 1917..
  11. ^ Ball 2000: 131
  12. ^ Ball 2000: 137
  13. ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 59
  14. ^ Donkin 2003: 64
  15. ^ a b Crone 2004: 10
  16. ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 88
  17. ^ a b c Donkin 2003: 92
  18. ^ a b Donkin 2003: 91-92
  19. ^ Donkin 2003: 65
  20. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Bartolomeu Dias Retrieved November 29, 2007
  21. ^ The First Voyage of Columbus Retrieved November 29, 2007(2007年10月12日時点のアーカイブ
  22. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Pedralvarez Cabral Retrieved November 29, 2007
  23. ^ a b c d e f Donkin 2003: 169
  24. ^ Donkin 2003: 170
  25. ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999: 217
  26. ^ a b c d e Corn & Glasserman 1999: 214
  27. ^ a b Donkin 2003: 162-163
  28. ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 265
  29. ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 252
  30. ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999: 279
  31. ^ a b c Corn & Glasserman 1999
  32. ^ Donkin 2003: 67
  33. ^ Donkin 2003: 69
  34. ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 105
  35. ^ Collingham 56: 2006
  36. ^ Corn & Glasserman 1999: 203
  37. ^ Collingham 245: 2006
  38. ^ Collingham 61: 2006
  39. ^ Collingham 69: 2006
  40. ^ Collingham 129: 2006

参考文献[編集]

  • Ball, Warwick (2000). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Routledge. ISBN 0415113768 
  • Collingham, Lizzie (December 2005). Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195172418 
  • Corn, Charles; Glasserman, Debbie (March 1999). The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice Trade. Kodansha America. ISBN 1568362498 
  • Crone, Patricia (2004). Meccan Trade And The Rise Of Islam. Gorgias Press LLC. ISBN 1593331029 
  • Dalby, Andrew (2002). Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. Berkley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520236742 
  • Donkin, Robin A. (August 2003). Between East and West: The Moluccas and the Traffic in Spices Up to the Arrival of Europeans. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 0871692481 
  • Fage, John Donnelly; et al. (1975). The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521215927 
  • Freedman, Paul (2008). Out of the East: Spices and the Medieval Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300151357 
  • Keay, John (2006). The Spice Route: A History. Berkley: University of California Press. ISBN 0520254163 
  • Krondl, Michael (2007). The Taste of Conquest: The Rise and Fall of the Three Great Cities of Spice. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345480848 
  • Lach, Donald Frederick (1994). Asia in the Making of Europe: The Century of Discovery. Book 1.. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226467317 
  • Miller, James Innes (1969). The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198142645 
  • Morton, Timothy (2000). Poetics of Spice: Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521026666 
  • Rawlinson, Hugh George (2001). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120615492 
  • Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2003). The Archaeology of Seafaring in Ancient South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521011094 
  • Schleif and Schier, Corine and Volker (2009). Katerina's Windows: Donation and Devotion, Art and Music, as Heard and Seen through the Writings of a Birgittine Nun. Penn State Press. ISBN 9780271033693 
  • Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192804588 
  • Turner, Jack (2004). Spice: The History of a Temptation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0375407219 

関連項目[編集]