| Voiceless uvular plosive | |
|---|---|
| q | |
| IPA Number | 111 |
| Audio sample | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | q |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0071 |
| X-SAMPA | q |
| Braille |  |
The voiceless uvular plosiveorstop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive [k], except that the tongue makes contact not on the soft palate but on the uvula. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨q⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is q.
There is also the voiceless pre-uvular plosive[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical uvular consonant, though not as front as the prototypical velar consonant. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as ⟨q̟⟩ or ⟨q˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨q⟩) or ⟨k̠⟩ (retracted ⟨k⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are q_+ and k_-, respectively.
Features of the voiceless uvular stop:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza | хъацӀа/kh"atsḥa | [qat͡sʼa] | 'man' | ||
| Adyghe | атакъэ/ataq"ė | [ataːqa]ⓘ | 'rooster' | ||
| Aleut[2] | ҟи́гаҟъ/qiighax̂ | [qiːɣaχ] | 'grass' | ||
| Arabic | Modern Standard[3] | قـط/qiṭṭ | [qitˤː]ⓘ | 'cat' | See Arabic phonology |
| Hejazi | قِـمَّة/qimma | [qɪmːa] | 'peak' | Allophone of /g/. See Hejazi Arabic phonology | |
| Gulf[4] | غـداً/ghadān | [qədæn] | 'tomorrow' | Corresponds to /ɣ/ in other dialects. | |
| Algerian | |||||
| Assyrian | ܩܐ/qa | [qa] | 'for' | Often realized as a tense /k/[vague] rather than uvular /q/. | |
| Archi | хъал/kh"àl | [qaːl] | 'human skin' | ||
| Avá-Canoeiro[5] | [ˈqɔːtõ] | 'this' | Possible realisation of /k/. In the speech of people aged 40 to 80 years, the consonant is in free variation with [qˤ], [qʰ] and [k] in post-tonic or primarily or secondarily stressed syllables.[5] | ||
| Bashkir | ҡаҙ/qað | [qɑð]ⓘ | 'goose' | ||
| Chechen | кхоъ/qo’ | [qɔʔ] | 'three' | ||
| Chukchi | Нычымйыӄэн | [nət͡ʃəmjəqen] | 'bitter' | ||
| Dawsahak | [qoq] | 'dry' | |||
| English | Australian[6] | caught | [ḵʰoːt] | 'caught' | Pre-uvular; allophone of /k/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.[6] See Australian English phonology |
| Multicultural London[7][8] | cut | [qʌt] | 'cut' | Allophone of /k/ before non-high back vowels.[8][9] | |
| Non-local Dublin[10] | back | [bɑq] | 'back' | Allophone of /k/ after a retracted vowel for some speakers.[10] | |
| Eyak | g̣u:jih | [quːtʃih] | 'wolf' | ||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[11] | Rock | [qɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [χ] and [ʀ̥].[11] Does not occur in the coda.[11] |
| Greenlandic | illoqarpoq | [iɬːoqɑppɔq] | 'he has a house' | See Greenlandic phonology | |
| Hebrew | Biblical | קול/qol | [qol] | 'voice' | See Biblical Hebrew phonology |
| Mizrahi | See Mizrahi Hebrew | ||||
| Shar'ab Temani | קול/qöl | [qøːl] | See Yemenite Hebrew | ||
| Hungarian | korom | [qorom] | 'soot' | Possible allophone of /k/ before back vowels. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Hindustani | Hindi | बर्क़/barq | [bərq] | 'lightning' | Mostly in Hindi–Urdu loanwords from Arabic, pronounced mainly in Urdu and by educated Hindi speakers, with rural Hindi speakers often pronouncing it as a [k]. See Hindustani phonology[12][13][14] |
| Urdu | بَرق/barq | ||||
| Inuktitut | ᐃᐦᐃᑉᕆᐅᖅᑐᖅ/ihipqiuqtuq’ | [ihipɢiuqtuq] | 'explore' | See Inuit phonology | |
| Iraqw | qeet | [qeːt] | 'break' | ||
| Kabardian | къэбэрдей/k"ėbėrdey | [qabardej]ⓘ | 'Kabardian' | ||
| Kabyle | ⵜⴰⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵜ | [θɐqβæjlɪθ]ⓘ | 'Kabyle language' | May be voiced [ɢ]. | |
| taqbaylit | |||||
| ثاقـبيليث | |||||
| Kavalan | qaqa | [qaqa] | 'elder brother' | ||
| Kazakh | Қазақстан/Qazaqstan | [qɑzɑqˈstɑn] | 'Kazakhstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Ket | қан | [qan] | 'begin' | ||
| Klallam | qəmtəm | [qəmtəm] | 'iron' | ||
| Kurdish | Sorani | قـوتابخانە/qutabxane | [qutɑbxɑnə] | 'School' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels |
| Kurmanji | Qalikdar | [qɑlɯkdɑr] | 'crustacean' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Kutenai | qaykiťwu | [qajkitʼwu] | 'nine' | ||
| Kyrgyz | Кыргызстан/Qırğızstan | [qɯrʁɯsˈstɑn] | 'Kyrgyzstan' | An allophone of /k/ before back vowels | |
| Lishan Didan | Urmi Dialect | אקלא/aqla | [aqlɑ] | 'foot, leg' | |
| Maltese | Archaic Cottonera Dialect | qattus | [qɐˈtːuːs] | 'cat' | |
| Malto | क़ान | [qa:n] | 'eye' | Corresponds to /x/ in other North Dravidian languages. | |
| Nez Perce | ʔaw̓líwaaʔinpqawtaca | [ʔawˀɪlwaːʔinpqawtat͡sa] | 'I go to scoop him up in the fire' | ||
| Nivkh | тяқр̆/tyaqrh | [tʲaqr̥] | 'three' | ||
| Ossetian | Iron | Дзæуджыхъæу/dzæudžiq"æu | [ˈzə̹ʊ̯d͡ʒɪ̈qə̹ʊ̯] | 'Vladikavkaz' | |
| Persian | Early New Persian | قَـاشُق/qāšuq | */qaːʃuq/ | 'spoon' | May be allophonicly voiced to [ɢ] before a voiced stop. See Persian phonology. |
| Dari standard | [qɑːˈʃʊq] | ||||
| Tajik standard | қошуқ/qošuq | [qɔʃuq] | |||
| Some Iranian speakers | قـورباغه/qurbaġe | [qurbɒɣe] | 'frog' | In Western Iranian dialects /q/ and /ɣ/ have merged into /ɢ/. Though some dialects in eastern Iran may preserve the distinction in some words. See Persian phonology. | |
| Quechua[15] | qallu | [qaʎu] | 'tongue' | ||
| Sahaptin | qu | [qu] | 'heavy' | ||
| Seediq | Seediq | [ˈseˈʔediq] | 'Seediq' | ||
| Seereer-Siin[16] | [example needed] | — | — | ||
| Shor | қам | [qɑm] | 'shaman' | ||
| Somali | qaab | [qaːb] | 'shape' | See Somali phonology | |
| St’át’imcets | teq | [təq] | 'to touch' | ||
| Tlingit | ghagw | [qɐ́kʷ] | 'tree spine' | Tlingit contrasts six different uvular stops | |
| Tsimshian | gwildmḵa̱p'a | [ɡʷildmqɑpʼa] | 'tobacco' | ||
| Turkmen | ak | [ɑ:q] | 'white' | Allophone of /k/ next to back vowels | |
| Ubykh | [qʰɜ] | 'grave' | One of ten distinct uvular stop phonemes. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Uyghur | ئاق/aq | [ɑq] | 'white' | ||
| Uzbek[17] | qo'l | [q̟oɫ] | 'arm' | Pre-uvular; sometimes realized as an affricate [q͡χ˖].[17] | |
| Western Neo-Aramaic | Bakh'a | [example needed] | Pre-uvular, though in Ma'loula it is slightly more front. | ||
| Ma'loula | [example needed] | ||||
| Yup'ik | meq | [məq] | 'fresh water' | ||
| Yukaghir | Northern | маарх/maarq | [maːrq] | 'one' | |
| Southern | атахл/ataql | [ataql] | 'two' | ||
| !Xóõ | ǀqháá | [ǀ͡qʰɑ́ː]ⓘ | 'to smooth' | ||
In addition to the basic consonantal sounds discussed in sections 3.1 and 3.2, many speakers use any or all five additional consonants (क़ ḳ, ख़ ḳh,ग़ ġ, ज़ z, फ़ f) in words of foreign origin (primarily from Persian, Arabic, English, and Portuguese). The last two of these, ज़ z and फ़ f, are the initial sounds in English zig and fig respectively. The consonant क़ ḳ is a voiceless uvular stop, somewhat like k, but pronounced further back in the mouth. ख़ ḳh is a voiceless fricative similar in pronunciation to the final sound of the German ach. ग़ ġ is generally pronounced as a voiceless uvular fricative, although it is occasionally heard as a stop rather than a fricative. In devanāgari each of these five sounds is represented by the use of a subscript dot under one of the basic consonant signs. In practice, however, the dot is often omitted, leaving it to the reader to render the correct pronunciation on the basis of his prior knowledge of the language.
Hindi has a nasal sound roughly equivalent to the n in the English sang, transliterated here as ṅorṁ, and has two slightly differing sh sounds, transliterated as ś and ṣ. ... A few words contain consonants…from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, and English: क़ (ق) is transliterated as q, ख़ (خ) as kh, ग़ (غ) as g, ज़ (ظ ,ز, or ض) as z, झ़ (ژ) as zh, and फ़ (ف) as f.
A few sounds, borrowed from the other languages like Persian and Arabic, are written with a dot (bindu or nukta) as shown in Table 2.2. …those who come from rural backgrounds and do not speak really good Khariboli, pronounce these sounds as the nearest equivalents in Hindi.
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