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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
沿ドニエストル共和国における「合法的にポーランドで働く」ストリート広告。

: remittance



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1[1][2]

20205,400COVID-1920195,480801.6%[3]20217.35,89[4]

20188002017653GDP2.7[5]2016627[5]2014700[6] 2020670340260[5]

[]


20195,7304,220[7]25,000[8]GDP31[8]

20154,4101,3103[9]GDP10[9]

上位の送金受取国[編集]

国際送金の受取上位国(単位:十億ドル) [10] [11] [12]
2012年 2013年 2014年 2015年 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019 2020 [13] 2021年[14]
インドの旗 インド 68.82 69.97 70.97 72.20 62.7 69.0 78.6 84.2 83.1 87
中華人民共和国の旗 中国 57.99 59.49 61.49 63.90 61.0 64 67.4 70.3 59.5 53
メキシコの旗 メキシコ 23.37 23.02 24.50 25.70 28.5 31.0 35.7 38.7 42.8 53
フィリピンの旗 フィリピン 24.61 26.70 27.90 29.80 29.9 33.0 33.8 35.1 34.9 36
エジプトの旗 エジプト 19.24 17.83 19.83 20.40 16.6 20.0 28.9 26.4 29.6 33.3
ナイジェリアの旗 ナイジェリア 20.63 20.89 20.88 20.89 19.0 22.0 24.3 25.4 17.0 18
パキスタンの旗 パキスタン 14.01 14.63 17.80 20.10 19.8 20.0 21.0 21.9 26.1 33
バングラデシュの旗 バングラデシュ 14.24 13.86 15.10 15.80 13.7 13 15.5 17.5 21.7 23
ベトナムの旗 ベトナム 10.00 11.00 11.80 12.30 13.4 14.0 15.9 16.7 17.0 18
ネパールの旗 ネパール 5.9 6.01 5.29 5.8 6.40 6.68 8.1 5.19 8.1 8.5


(KNOMAD) 2021GDP20%13306[15]

トンガの旗  (43.9%)

南スーダンの旗  (37.9%)

レバノンの旗  (34.8%)

ガンビアの旗  (33.8%)

ソマリアの旗  (32.0%)

キルギスの旗  (30.1%)

[]


西2019

WiseRia Money Transfer WorldRemit AzimoWorldRemit  Remitly  Azimo

2010FXcomparedMonitoSend4x[16] [17]Flutterwave[18]


2017Mojaloop Ripple DwollaModusBoxCrosslake TechnologiesSoftware Group[18]

[]


1983[10]9001100[19]

[]


20208302021600202033520202602020215[20]1GDP3525[21]

 Ria Money Transfer UAEExchange [22]

[]


1,000201815020191832000[23]2101

[]

19512500

201512[24][25]MOIA3,500[26]2017689680057100020176325800[27] [28] [29]

[]


19701980[30]2010301010202010AMF390[31]

[]


調[32]2 199426199460[33]

7-82010213GDP8.9[34]

2000 (The Year of Overseas Filipino Worker in the Recognition of the Determination and Supreme Self-Sacrifice of Overseas Filipino Workers) [33]

[]


便[35]20096P2P[35]

[]


2007665757GDP10[36]

GDP2182130[37]IDB-MIF[36]

200724095

[]

[]


2004調調1,650601,000120043001150250[38]

1050-803781620070.6200623[32] 

[32] 

 20086922011589[39] 

[39]

[]


20003000400ODA50FDIGDP50[40] 

MTO[41]XoomWillstreamMTO[42] [43]20303[44]

調[32]20101009632181210853.873.853.022009251099986665[45]

[]


[46] 20141750200 [46]

2004232007179GDP6.7 2016350[47]

20168NCBMTO[48][49]NCB[50][51]NCBMTO [52]

[]


西[53][54]2014 [53]

20154STFRSTFRAML調CFT調FATFSTFR[55]

[]

[]


GDP20111320134020[56]2013219200 20142019152800[57]

調20078220069512703454-61,9202,800[58]

2018145000GDP12[59]1,100300

201760.5200945001600010.254,5003,5101.2[60][61]

IMF2010USDAMD2014 AMDUSD2010[62]

[]


1920194621[63]1901[64] 1960[]

2000201235,290 20121,300[65]

2004  (G8)DFIDUSAIDG8

20089[66]200調328960[67]4[67]

20097G855使[68]

2011G20105150[69][70]20185,290[71]

[]

[]


[72]198812745,000501,000[73][74]

[]


[75]

使 2010調使便[76]

AMLCTF FATFFinancial Intelligence Unit FIUIII EUEU

[]


[77]

[32]GDP[10] [78]

調[79]調[80][81] [82]  [83]

[32][32]

GDP[84][85]

[86]

関連項目[編集]

脚注[編集]



(一)^ Al-Assaf, Ghazi and Al-Malki, Abdullah M., (2014), Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers Remittances: The Case of Jordan, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol. 4, issue 3, p. 514-526.

(二)^ Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6). International Monetary Fund. p. 272. 2021410

(三)^ 調2021512https://www.worldbank.org/ja/news/press-release/2021/05/12/defying-predictions-remittance-flows-remain-strong-during-covid-19-crisis2022528 

(四)^ 2021調7.320211117https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2021/11/17/remittance-flows-register-robust-7-3-percent-growth-in-20212022528 

(五)^ abcIndia to retain top position in remittances with $80 billion: World Bank, Economic Times, 9 Dec 2018.

(六)^ Capital Market (2015414). India receives top remittance of US$ 70 billion in 2014: World Bank. Business Standard India. http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/india-receives-top-remittance-of-us-70-billion-in-2014-world-bank-115041400216_1.html 2015616 

(七)^ Migration and Remittances: Recent Developments and Outlook. World Bank (20184). 202125

(八)^ abRemittances to Developing Countries Expected to Grow at Weak Pace in 2016 and Beyond. worldbank.org (2016106). 20161031

(九)^ abUnderstanding the Importance of Remittances (). migrationpolicy.org. (2004101). http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/understanding-importance-remittances 201753 

(十)^ abcProspects - Migration & Remittances Data. 201841

(11)^ Remittances Data. 2016112

(12)^ COVID-19: Remittance Flows to Shrink 14% by 2021 Data. 2021212

(13)^ Migration and Development Brief 34 | KNOMAD. www.knomad.org. 202161

(14)^ Migration and Development Brief 35 | KNOMAD. www.knomad.org. 2021127

(15)^ Migration and Development Brief 35.  KNOMAD. 2022530

(16)^ Singapore-Based Fintech Launches Remittance Comparison Site. finews.asia. https://www.finews.asia/finance/28942-fintech-launches-remittance-comparison-site 20191224 

(17)^ Why Banks May Not Be the Best Place to Convert Currency. Wall Street Journal. (201885). https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-banks-may-not-be-the-best-place-to-convert-currency-1533520981 202017 

(18)^ abHow Blockchain-based technology is disrupting migrants' remittances: a preliminary assessment

(19)^ Astrasheuskaya (2021419). Remittances help cushion central Asia from pandemic hit. Financial Times. 2021720

(20)^ Infographic: The World's Top Remittance Recipients. Statista Infographics. 2022615

(21)^ The Impact of COVID-19 on Remittance Flows - IMF F&D. www.imf.org. 2021720

(22)^ Procee, Paul (5 May 2013). MIGRATION AND REMITTANCES 2016. pp. 19. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/992371492706371662/MigrationandDevelopmentBrief27.pdf. 

(23)^ Remittance hits record $18.32b in 2019. New Age. https://www.newagebd.net/article/95292/remittance-hits-record-1832b-in-2019 

(24)^ International Migration at All-Time High. The World Bank (20151218). 2016527

(25)^ Pakistan 4th largest source of remittances to India. The Business Standard. (20151224). http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pakistan-4th-largest-source-of-remittances-to-india-115122400035_1.html 2016527 

(26)^ Remittances from Indian diaspora on the rise.  The Economic Times (2014219). 2014223

(27)^ Remittance flows by country 2017. Pew Research Center. 201947

(28)^ Remittances from Indians abroad push India to the top.  www.nrirealtynews.com (20071022). 2009314

(29)^ Gupta, Poonam (2005-12-01). Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from India. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 9781451862430. https://books.google.com/books?id=5bNsS0C8K3UC&q=remittance&pg=PA8 2009314 

(30)^ Al-Assaf, G. (2012), Workers' Remittances in Jordan, LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany.

(31)^ Al-Assaf, G. and Al-Malki, A., (2014), Modelling the Macroeconomic Determinants of Workers Remittances: The Case of Jordan, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Vol. 4, issue 3, p. 514-526.

(32)^ abcdefgWorld Bank - Migration and Development Brief 13. 201011102022615

(33)^ abPratt, Geraldine. Working Feminism. pp. 40 

(34)^ Huang; Yeoh; Rahman. Caring for the World: Filipino Domestic Workers Gone Global. Asian Women as Transnational Domestic Workers (Maruja ed.). 2153 

(35)^ ab. 2021. XTECH.  BP. 2022531

(36)^ abCreating Prosperity in Latin America (Inglés solamente) (). Inter-American Development Bank (2006428). 2022615

(37)^ Hawley, Chris (2009710). With USA in a recession, rural Mexico feels the pain. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-07-09-mexico_N.htm 20091012 

(38)^ E. Carrasco & J. Ro (2007). "Remittances and Development" (ebook). University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development.

(39)^ abFaure (2019219). LG ne compte pas investir dans les téléphones pliables - IT Social | Média des Enjeux IT & Business, Innovation et Leadership. 2022615

(40)^ Remittances. 2015616

(41)^ Anderson, Mark (2014818). Global remittance industry choking billions out of developing world (). The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/aug/18/global-remittance-industry-choking-billions-developing-world 2017817 

(42)^ THE DIGITAL REMITTANCE REPORT: The new platforms disrupting a $600 billion industry (). Business Insider France. 2017817

(43)^ International Remittances through Branchless Banking. UN Conference on Trade and Development.  貿 (2013712). 2022615

(44)^ Goal 10 targets (). UNDP. 2020923

(45)^ Sub-Saharan Africa posts growth in remittances. 2015616

(46)^ abRemittances from diaspora Nigerians as lubricant for the economy. Nigerian Tribune (201498). 20153172022615

(47)^ Agabi, Chris (20161221). Nigeria: Diaspora Remittance Hits U.S.$35 Billion in 2016. Daily Trust (Abuja). http://allafrica.com/stories/201612210454.html 2017817 

(48)^ Beware of Unregistered Money Transfer Operators. Central Bank of Nigeria. 2022615

(49)^ Jacopo Prisco (201683). Nigeria clamps down on money transfers. CNN. 2017817

(50)^ Allison, Ian (201682). WorldRemit calls for urgent restoration of money transfers to Nigeria (). International Business Times UK. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/worldremit-calls-urgent-restoration-money-transfers-nigeria-1573909 2017817 

(51)^ We need African countries to support our literature, says 2017's Caine prize winner (). Quartz. https://qz.com/1022443/sudans-caine-prize-winner-wants-nigeria-egypt-and-south-africa-to-supports-the-arts-in-africa/ 2017817 

(52)^ Kazeem, Yomi. Nigeria's Central Bank is backtracking on plans to ban operators disrupting remittances (). Quartz. https://qz.com/771382/nigerias-central-bank-is-backtracking-on-plans-to-ban-operators-disrupting-remittances/ 2017817 

(53)^ abEllison and Paulsen Reintroduce Money Remittances Improvement Act To Help Somali Families Send Money Home.  House Office of Keith Ellison (201456). 2015418

(54)^ Armitage, Laura (2015330). Westpac to stop Somali money transfers on March 31. Herald Sun. http://www.heraldsun.com.au/leader/east/westpac-to-stop-somali-money-transfers-on-march-31/story-fngnvlxu-1227281376048 2015418 

(55)^ Somali Government Establishes Special Task Force on Remittances. Goobjoog. (201547). http://goobjoog.com/english/?p=12668 2015418 

(56)^ Makaryan, Gagik; Galstyan, Mihran (2013). Costs and Benefits of Labour Mobility between the EU and the Eastern Partnership Partner Countries - Country Report: Armenia. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2323376. ISSN 1556-5068. 

(57)^ "Personal remittances - Armenia", worldbank.org

(58)^ Labor Migration in Armenian Communities.  Eurasia Partnership Foundation Caucasus Research Resource Centers. 2022615

(59)^ "Inflow of Remittances by Balance of Payments", Central Bank of Armenia

(60)^ "Overseas Individual Remittances to Armenia", Hetq.am

(61)^ "Armenia - Migrant remittance", Countryeconomy.com

(62)^ Yulia Ustyugova (2018). Caucasus and Central Asia Regional Economic Outlook..  . 2022615

(63)^ Remesas.org, Emigrantes construyendo escuelas: La primera política oficial de codesarrollo Archived 2016-04-04 at the Wayback Machine.

(64)^ La primera Ley de remesas de la historia (). remesas.org. 2022615

(65)^ The incredible rise of migrants' remittances.  tageswoche.ch. 2022615

(66)^ Remittance Prices Worldwide | MAKING MARKETS MORE TRANSPARENT. remittanceprices.worldbank.org. 2022615

(67)^ abPayment Systems & Remittances.  . 2022615

(68)^ National and Regional Databases Certified by the World Bank. 20127232022615

(69)^ G20 Report. 20149202022615

(70)^ Singapore-Based Fintech Launches Remittance Comparison Site (). finews.asia (2019610). 2019621

(71)^ Record High Remittances Sent Globally in 2018 (). World Bank. 2019621

(72)^ Remittances during crises: implication for humanitarian response. 2022615

(73)^ America (2018127). Remembering the 1988 Earthquake in Armenia and American Relief. Armenian Assembly of America. 2022615

(74)^ Vargas-Silva, C. (2018). Remittances Sent To and From the Forcibly Displaced. The Journal of Development Studies 53 (11): 18351848. doi:10.1080/00220388.2016.1234040. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d14960e5-8846-4434-8224-1f7ac428136f. 

(75)^ Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. 2015616

(76)^ Irving, Mohapatra, Ratha. Migrant Remittance Flows: Findings from a Global Survey of Central Banks. World Bank Working Paper No.194.  World Bank. 201143

(77)^ de Haas, Hein (2012-06-01). The Migration and Development Pendulum: A Critical View on Research and Policy. International Migration 50 (3): 825. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2012.00755.x. ISSN 1468-2435. 

(78)^ Grigorian, David A.; Melkonyan, Tigran A. (February 2011). Destined to Receive: The Impact of Remittances on Household Decisions in Armenia: Impact of Remittances. Review of Development Economics 15 (1): 139153. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2010.00598.x. 

(79)^ Dermendzhieva, Zvezda (2011). Emigration from the South Caucasus: who goes abroad and what are the economic implications?.. Post-Communist Economies 23 (3): 377398. doi:10.1080/14631377.2011.595135. 

(80)^ Grigoryan, Aleksandr; Khachatryan, Knar (2018). Remittances and Emigration Intentions: Evidence from Armenia. CERGE-EI Working Paper Series (626). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3259211. ISBN 978-80-7343-433-5. ISSN 1556-5068. SSRN 3259211. 

(81)^ Wise, Wise; Covarrubias, Humberto Márquez (2009-12-01). Understanding the Relationship between Migration and Development: Toward a New Theoretical Approach. Social Analysis 53 (3). doi:10.3167/sa.2009.530305. ISSN 1558-5727. 

(82)^ Abreu, Alexandre (2012-04-01). The New Economics of Labor Migration: Beware of Neoclassicals Bearing Gifts. Forum for Social Economics 41 (1): 4667. doi:10.1007/s12143-010-9077-2. ISSN 0736-0932. 

(83)^ Rankin, Katharine N. (2001-01-01). Governing development: neoliberalism, microcredit, and rational economic woman. Economy and Society 30 (1): 1837. doi:10.1080/03085140020019070. ISSN 0308-5147. 

(84)^ Barajas, Adolfo; Chami, Ralph; Fullenkamp, Connel; Montiel, Peter (2009). Do Workers' Remittances Promote Economic Growth?. IMF Working Paper Series. 

(85)^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Do Remittances Boost Economic Development? Evidence From Mexican States, October 2010. 2022615

(86)^ Payment Systems. World Bank. 2022615