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{{IPA key||H:IPA-VA|H:IPACA|H:IPACAT|H:IPAVA}} |
{{IPA key|H:IPA-CA|H:IPA-CAT|H:IPA-VA|H:IPACA|H:IPACAT|H:IPAVA}} |
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The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) represents [ |
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) represents [[Catalan language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|Entering IPA characters}}. |
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== Key for standard Catalan and Valencian == |
== Key for standard Catalan and Valencian == |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''b'''est}} ({{abbr|C|Standard Catalan}}) / {{lang|en|'''v'''est}} ({{abbr|V|Standard Valencian}}) |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''b'''est}} ({{abbr|C|Standard Catalan}}) / {{lang|en|'''v'''est}} ({{abbr|V|Standard Valencian}}) |
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| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|β}}</big> |
| rowspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|β̞|β}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|a'''v'''anç}}, {{lang|ca|sel'''v'''a}}<ref name="lenition">Voiced [[stop consonant|stop]]s {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} become [[lenition|lenited]] [{{IPA link|β}}, {{IPA link|ð}}, {{IPA link|ɣ}}] (that is, [[approximant consonant|approximants]] or [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a [[continuant]]. Otherwise they are pronounced as [[voiced]] or [[devoiced]] stops, similar to English ''b'', ''d'', ''g'' and ''p'', ''t'', ''k''. Exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after a [[lateral consonant]], and {{IPA|/b/}} after {{IPA|/f/}}. In traditional non-[[betacism|betacist]] dialects, {{IPA|/b/}} usually fails to lenite ({{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1999|p=63}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2005|pp=10, 310–326}}). |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|a'''v'''anç}}, {{lang|ca|sel'''v'''a}}<ref name="lenition">Voiced [[stop consonant|stop]]s {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} become [[lenition|lenited]] [{{IPA link|β}}, {{IPA link|ð}}, {{IPA link|ɣ}}] (that is, [[approximant consonant|approximants]] or [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] of the same place of articulation) when in the syllable onset and after a [[continuant]]. Otherwise they are pronounced as [[voiced]] or [[devoiced]] stops, similar to English ''b'', ''d'', ''g'' and ''p'', ''t'', ''k''. Exceptions include {{IPA|/d/}} after a [[lateral consonant]], and {{IPA|/b/}} after {{IPA|/f/}}. In traditional non-[[betacism|betacist]] dialects, {{IPA|/b/}} usually fails to lenite ({{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell|Llisterri|1999|p=63}}, {{Harvcoltxt|Wheeler|2005|pp=10, 310–326}}). |
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*{{IPA|[β]}} (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}}, or just like {{IPA|/v/}} but with both lips. |
*{{IPA|[β]}} (found only in the betacist varieties) is pronounced between {{IPA|/b/}} and {{IPA|/v/}}, or just like {{IPA|/v/}} but with both lips. |
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| <big>{{IPA link|dz}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|dz}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|se'''tz'''e}}, {{lang|ca|to'''ts''' alhora}}<ref name="sibilants" /><ref name="neutralization of obstruents" /> |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|se'''tz'''e}}, {{lang|ca|to'''ts''' alhora}}<ref name="sibilants" /><ref name="neutralization of obstruents" /> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|a'''dz'''e}}<ref name="sibilants">The [[sibilant consonant|sibilants]] {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/}} are [[alveolo-palatal consonants|alveolo-palatal]] or [[palato-alveolar consonants|palato-alveolar]] |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|a'''dz'''e}}<ref name="sibilants">The [[sibilant consonant|sibilants]] {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/}} are [[alveolo-palatal consonants|alveolo-palatal]] or [[palato-alveolar consonants|palato-alveolar]]. A variant of {{IPA|/s, z, ts, dz/}} includes the [[retraction (phonetics)|retracted]] {{IPA|[s̠, z̠, t̠s̠, d̠z̠]}} (with pronunciations closer to postalveolars {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/}}, respectively).</ref> |
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| <big>{{IPA link|z̺|z}}</big> |
| <big>{{IPA link|z̺|z}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''j'''eep}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''j'''eep}} |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ð}}</big> |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ð̞|ð}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|ca'''d'''a}}, {{lang|ca|lla'''d'''re}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|ca'''d'''a}}, {{lang|ca|lla'''d'''re}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|o'''th'''er}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|o'''th'''er}} |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''g'''ot}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''g'''ot}} |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link| |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɣ˕|ɣ}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|ai'''g'''ües}}, {{lang|ca|a'''g'''rat}}, {{lang|ca|llo'''gu'''er}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|ai'''g'''ües}}, {{lang|ca|a'''g'''rat}}, {{lang|ca|llo'''gu'''er}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | ''between'' {{lang|en|'''g'''ot}} ''and'' {{lang|en|'''h'''ot}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
| style="text-align: left;" | ''between'' {{lang|en|'''g'''ot}} ''and'' {{lang|en|'''h'''ot}}<ref name="lenition" /> |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|'''c'''ors}}, {{lang|ca|'''q'''uan}}, {{lang|ca|'''qu'''i}}, {{lang|ca|llar'''g'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''k'''iwi}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|'''c'''ors}}, {{lang|ca|'''q'''uan}}, {{lang|ca|'''qu'''i}}, {{lang|ca|llar'''g'''}}, {{lang|ca|'''k'''iwi}}, {{lang|ca|'''K'''uwait}}, {{lang|ca|vi'''k'''ing}}, {{lang|ca|'''k'''elvin}} |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|s'''c'''an}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|s'''c'''an}} |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big> |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|ɾ}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|mi'''r'''a}}, {{lang|ca|t'''r'''uc}}, {{lang|ca|pe'''r'''}}<ref name="rhotics" /> |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|mi'''r'''a}}, {{lang|ca|t'''r'''uc}}, {{lang|ca|pe'''r'''}}<ref name="rhotics" /> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | ''[[American English|US]]'' {{lang|en| |
| style="text-align: left;" | ''[[American English|US]]'' {{lang|en|a'''t'''om}} |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|s̺|s}}</big> |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|s̺|s}}</big> |
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| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big> |
| colspan="2" | <big>{{IPA link|h}}</big> |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|e'''h'''em}}<ref name="h">Other than in [[loanword]]s and [[interjections]], the letter {{angbr|h}} is always [[silent letter|silent]].</ref> |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|ca|e'''h'''em}}<ref name="h">Other than in [[loanword]]s and [[interjections]], the letter {{angbr|h}} is always [[silent letter|silent]].</ref>, {{lang|ca|Sà'''h'''ara}} |
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| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''h'''ot}} |
| style="text-align: left;" | {{lang|en|'''h'''ot}} |
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::(Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use |
::(Note for transcriptions of Northwestern Catalan use the corresponding sounds of Standard Valencian and the sharing features with Standard Catalan) |
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:;Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan |
:;Transcription of Insular Eastern Catalan |
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::For transcriptions of [[Insular Catalan]] dialects: |
::For transcriptions of [[Insular Catalan]] dialects: |
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::*[[Help:IPA/Insular Catalan]] |
::*[[Help:IPA/Insular Catalan]] |
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== See also == |
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*{{clc|Pages with Catalan IPA|pages}} |
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*{{clc|Pages with Valencian IPA|pages}} |
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== Notes == |
== Notes == |
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== Bibliography == |
== Bibliography == |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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* |
*{{Citation |
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|last=Carbonell |
|last=Carbonell |
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|first=Joan F. |
|first=Joan F. |
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|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0 |
|isbn=978-0-521-63751-0 |
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}} |
}} |
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* |
*{{Citation |
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|last=Rafel |
|last=Rafel |
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|first=Joaquim |
|first=Joaquim |
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|isbn=84-7283-446-8 |
|isbn=84-7283-446-8 |
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}} |
}} |
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* |
*{{Citation |
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|last=Wheeler |
|last=Wheeler |
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|first=Max W. |
|first=Max W. |
![]() | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Catalan on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Catalan in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / /, ⫽ ⫽, and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Catalan language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
There are two major standards, one of Catalan (C)—based in the Central Coast of Catalonia, encompassing most Eastern Catalan features—and one of Valencian (V)—based in Southern Valencia, encompassing most Western Catalan features. Neither variant is preferred over the other in Wikipedia articles except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant (such as a place in Catalonia or a Valencian artist).
See Catalan phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of standard Catalan and Valencian, and Catalan orthography for the main correspondences between spelling and pronunciation. (For an extensive list of spelling-to-sound correspondences, see this)
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Phonetic deviations from Standard Valencian (i.e. commonalities with Standard Catalan) |
Examples | English approximation | |
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Betacism[2][3] | /b/, /v/ → /b/ | bell, vell[2] | best |
/b/, /v/ → [β][3] | abans, avanç[2] | vest[3] | |
Deaffrication of /dʒ/ (in intervocalic position) | /dʒ/ → [ʒ] | dijous, fugir | genre |