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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Notes  




2 See also  




3 External links  













Help:IPA/Lombard






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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
< Help:IPA

The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Lombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language: Western and Eastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.

There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached. Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
b (WL) biott, dubbi, (EL) biót, döbe bud
d (WL) lader, drizz, (EL) làder, drécc day
dz (WL) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter[1][2][3] cods
dʒ (WL) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (EL) ègia, regiùr[1][4] juice
f (WL) boffà, oeuv, (EL) bofà, öf[1] fit
ɡ (WL) gatt, bagaj, (EL) gat, bagài good
h (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès[3][5] ham
k (WL) can, marches, foeugh, (EL) cà, marchés, föch[1] sky
l lacc, caròtola, (WL) ballon, vioeula, (EL) balù, viöla, pedriöl[6] lock
m (WL) mes'cià, (EL) mes-cià, campiù[7][8] maid
ɱ (EL) banfà, convegnì[7][8] triumph
n nòcc, (WL) danee, (EL) danér, cantù, sentì[7][8] den
ŋ (EL) ànga, mànche[7][8] long
ɲ (WL) gnucca, legn, (EL) gnöca, lègn, àzegn[8] opinion
p (WL) piasè, goeubb, (EL) piasér, gòp[1] spite
r (WL) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór[6] trilled r
s (WL) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (EL) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa[1][2][3] same
ʃ (WL) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (EL) scéna[1][9] shame
t (WL) todesch, giald, (EL) todèsch, zalt[1] stay
ts (WL) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (EL) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt[1][2][3] pets
tʃ (WL) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (EL) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù[1][5] chain
ʋ (WL) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (EL) viulì, ol vènt[1][10] between wetand vet
z desmentegà, (WL) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (EL) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr[1][2][3][4] zone
ʒ (WL) resgiô, desmentegà[1][4] vision
Non-native consonants
ʎ (WL) botteglia, (EL) butìglia million
Semivowels
IPA Examples English approximation
j (WL) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (EL) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré[1] yes
w (WL) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (EL) àqua, sguèrs way
Vowels[11]
IPA Examples English approximation
Short vowels
a abità, (WL) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,[12] (EL) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià[13] manner (Scotland)
e pelà, perchè, (WL) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte[14] bay
ɛ (WL) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (EL) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber[14] bed
i (WL) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (EL) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì beet, but shorter
o (EL) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt[15] law (RP), but shorter
ɔ (WL) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (EL) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa[13][15] off
ø (WL) oeugg,[16] (EL) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes[15] bird (RP), but shorter
u (WL) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (EL) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù cool, but shorter
y (WL) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (EL) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca foot (Scotland)
Short nasal vowels[8]
ã (WL) banfà, campion, canton sang (Scotland)
ẽ (WL) sentì, asen, venditor sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩ (WL) prinzipi, simpategh ring
ũ (WL) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì no English equivalent; nasalized /u/
ỹ (WL) cuntà no English equivalent; nasalized /y/
Long vowels
aː (WL) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter[17] father
eː (WL) mel, dree bay
iː (WL) dii, prinzipi, finii beet
oː (WL) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta[15] law (RP)
uː (WL) ciod, faroo, alora, amor cool
øː (WL) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta[15] bird (RP)
yː (WL) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu few (Scotland)
Long nasal vowels[8]
ãː (WL) vanga, manchi, anca, italian sang (Scotland)
ẽː (WL) settember, seren sang (Southern U.S.)
ĩː (WL) dinc, vint, minga, giardin no English equivalent; nasalized /iː/
ũː (WL) segond, pont, nazion no English equivalent; nasalized /uː/
ỹː (WL) cunt, vundes, comun no English equivalent; nasalized /yː/
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ (WL) insemma[ĩˈsɛma], (EL) ensèma[ɛnˈsɛma] primary stress
ˌ (WL) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (EL) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu] secondary stress
. (WL) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (EL) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur] syllable break
ː (WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols][3] geminated consonant

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]. In such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
  • ^ a b c d /dz/ and /ts/ contrast with /z/ and /s/ only in some Western dialects.
  • ^ a b c d e f Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
  • ^ a b c /ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
  • ^ a b In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
  • ^ a b Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu [pedriˈøː], Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
  • ^ a b c d In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
  • ^ a b c d e f g Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western temp [ˈtẽːp], Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] and Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
  • ^ In Eastern dialects, /ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
  • ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pó de ènt [om ˈpo de ˈɛnt].
  • ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel lengthisphonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys", gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot], góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
  • ^ a b c In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], but in others, it is [i].
  • ^ a b Final rounding of unstressed /a/to[ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
  • ^ a b Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
  • ^ a b c d e [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /aː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).
  • ^ Realization varies between [ø] and [œ].
  • ^ Realization varies between [aː] and [ɑː].

    • See also[edit]

    External links[edit]


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