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Contents

   



(Top)
  


1 Features  




2 Varieties  




3 Occurrence  


3.1  Dental or denti-alveolar  




3.2  Alveolar  




3.3  Postalveolar  




3.4  Variable  






4 See also  




5 Notes  




6 References  




7 External links  













Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives: Difference between revisions







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Line 1: Line 1:

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨t⟩ in IPA}}

{{Short description|Consonantal sounds}}

{{Infobox IPA

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless alveolar plosive

|above=Voiceless alveolar plosive
Line 6: Line 6:

|decimal=116

|decimal=116

|xsampa=t

|xsampa=t

|kirshenbaum=t

|braille=t

|braille=t

}}

}}
Line 15: Line 14:

|decimal2=810

|decimal2=810

|x-sampa=t_d

|x-sampa=t_d

|kirshenbaum=<nowiki>t[</nowiki>

|braille=t

|braille=t

|braille2=6

|braille2=6
Line 25: Line 23:

The {{IPA|[t]}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.{{sfnp|Liberman|Cooper|Shankweiler|Studdert-Kennedy|1967|p=?}} Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[t]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a {{IPA|[t]}} are colloquial [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (which also lacks an {{IPA|[n]}}), [[Abau]], and [[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] of South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}

The {{IPA|[t]}} sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.{{sfnp|Liberman|Cooper|Shankweiler|Studdert-Kennedy|1967|p=?}} Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[t]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a {{IPA|[t]}} are colloquial [[Samoan language|Samoan]] (which also lacks an {{IPA|[n]}}), [[Abau]], and [[Nǁng language|Nǁng]] of South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}}


There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Toda language|Toda]], [[Venda language|Venda]] and many [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] being a few of them.

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, [[Kota language (India)|Kota]], [[Toda language|Toda]], [[Venda language|Venda]] and many [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] being a few of them; certain varieties of [[Hiberno-English]] also distinguish them (with [t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme /θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).


==Features==

==Features==
Line 54: Line 52:

| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̪}}

| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̪}}

| [[Dental consonant|dental]] t

| [[Dental consonant|dental]] t

|-

| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|t̠}}

| [[Postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] t

|-

|-

| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʰ}}

| style="font-size:24px" | {{IPA|tʰ}}
Line 79: Line 80:

==Occurrence==

==Occurrence==

{{cleanup lang|section|date=June 2022}}

{{cleanup lang|section|date=June 2022}}

===Dental or denti-alveolar===

===Dental or denti-alveolar===

{| class="wikitable"

{| class="wikitable"
Line 89: Line 91:

|-

|-

| colspan="2" |[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]

| colspan="2" |[[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]]

| {{lang|syr|ܬܠܬ̱ܐ}} {{transl|syr|'''ţ'''lo}}

| {{lang|syr|ܬܠܬ̱ܐ}}/{{transliteration|syr|'''ţ'''lo}}

| {{IPA|[t̪lɑ]}}

| {{IPA|[t̪lɑ]}}

| 'three'

| 'three'
Line 95: Line 97:

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]

| colspan="2" | [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]

| ''{{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:дүрт|дүр'''т''']] / dür'''t'''}}''

| ''{{lang|gah-Cyrl|[[:wikt:дүрт|дүр'''т''']]/dür'''t'''}}''

| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-дүрт.ogg|[dʏʷrt]}}

| {{Audio-IPA|Ba-дүрт.ogg|[dʏʷrt]}}

| 'four'

| 'four'
Line 104: Line 106:

| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|'''t'''oki]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪oki]}}|| 'place' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Basque phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Basque language|Basque]]|| {{lang|bas|[[Basque alphabet|'''t'''oki]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪oki]}}|| 'place' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Basque phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan=2 rowspan=2| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||[[Bengali alphabet|'''তু'''মি]] || {{IPA|[t̪umi]}}|| 'you' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Bengali phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|'''তু'''মি]] || {{IPA|[t̪umi]}}|| 'you' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Bengali phonology]]

|-

| [[Bengali alphabet|ম'''ৎ'''স]] || {{IPA|[mɔt̪so]}}|| 'fish' ||colspan="3"| Only used if {{lang|bn|"ত"}} is not succeeded by vowel. See [[Bengali phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''t'''erra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛrɐ]}}|| 'land' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Catalan phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Catalan language|Catalan]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=53}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|'''t'''erra]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛrɐ]}}|| 'land' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Catalan phonology]]

|-

| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]|| [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2009|p=109}} || {{lang|hak|[[Chinese characters|他]]}} {{lang|hak|[[Guangdong Romanization|'''t'''a3]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰa˧]}}|| 'he/she' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]

| colspan="2" |[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
Line 118: Line 116:

|colspan="3"|

|colspan="3"|

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''t'''o'''t'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ot̪o]}} || 'this' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skarnitzl |first1=Radek |title=Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/10434068 |access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> See [[Czech phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Czech language|Czech]] || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|'''t'''o'''t'''o]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ot̪o]}} || 'this' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Skarnitzl |first1=Radek |title=Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/10434068 |access-date=30 March 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322051046/https://www.academia.edu/10434068 |url-status=live }}</ref> See [[Czech phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Dinka language|Dinka]]{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=115 and 121}} || [[Dinka alphabet|''mɛ'''th''''']] || {{IPA|[mɛ̀t̪]}}|| 'child'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar {{IPA|/t/}}.

| colspan="2" | [[Dinka language|Dinka]]{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=115 and 121}} || [[Dinka alphabet|''mɛ'''th''''']] || {{IPA|[mɛ̀t̪]}}|| 'child'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar {{IPA|/t/}}.

|-

|-

| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|| [[Flemish|Belgian]] || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''t'''aal]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪aːl̪]}}|| 'language' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.

| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]|| [[Flemish dialects|Belgian]] || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|'''t'''aal]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪aːl̪]}}|| 'language' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.

|-

|-

| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]] || [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=302}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''th'''in'']] || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} || rowspan="3" | 'thin' || rowspan="4"| Laminal denti-alveolar. || In Dublin, it may be {{IPAblink|t͡θ}} instead. || rowspan="4"| See [[English phonology]].

| rowspan="4" | [[English language|English]] || [[Hiberno-English|Dublin]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=302}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''th'''in'']] || rowspan="3" | {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}} || rowspan="3" | 'thin' || rowspan="4"| Laminal denti-alveolar. || In Dublin, it may be {{IPAblink|t͡θ}} instead. || rowspan="4"| See [[English phonology]].
Line 130: Line 128:

| Southern [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=24}}

| Southern [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=24}}

|-

|-

| [[Mid-Ulster English|Ulster]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf}}</ref> || [[English orthography|'''''t'''rain'']] || {{IPA|[t̪ɹeːn]}} || 'train' || Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}, in free variation with an alveolar stop.

| [[Mid-Ulster English|Ulster]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|access-date=2015-04-26|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070733/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> || [[English orthography|'''''t'''rain'']] || {{IPA|[t̪ɹeːn]}} || 'train' || Allophone of {{IPA|/t/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}, in free variation with an alveolar stop.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|'''t'''u'''tt'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]}} || 'pacifier' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Finnish phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{lang|fi|[[Finnish orthography|'''t'''u'''tt'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ut̪ːi]}} || 'pacifier' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Finnish phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''t'''ordu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ɔʁd̪y]}}|| 'crooked'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[French phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[French language|French]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|'''t'''ordu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ɔʁd̪y]}}|| 'crooked'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[French phonology]]

|-

| colspan="2" |[[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]]{{sfnp|Lee|Zee|2009|p=109}}

|{{lang|hak|[[Chinese characters|他]]}}/{{lang|hak|[[Guangdong Romanization|'''t'''a3]]}}

|{{IPA|[t̪ʰa˧]}}

|'he/she'

| colspan="3" |Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.

|-

|-

| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}

| rowspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=141}}

| [[Hindi]]

| [[Hindi]]

| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|'''ती'''न]]}} / '''t'''īn

| {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|'''ती'''न]]}}/'''t'''īn

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪iːn]}}

| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[t̪iːn]}}

| rowspan="2" | 'three'

| rowspan="2" | 'three'
Line 146: Line 150:

|-

|-

| [[Urdu]]

| [[Urdu]]

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تین}}|rtl=yes}} / '''t'''īn

| {{lang|ur|{{nq|تین}}|rtl=yes}}/'''t'''īn

| Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.

| Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.

|-

|-
Line 153: Line 157:

| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''t'''ale]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ale]}}|| 'such'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Italian phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Italian language|Italian]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}} || {{lang|it|[[Italian orthography|'''t'''ale]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ale]}}|| 'such'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Italian phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[kanji|特別]]}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|'''t'''okubetsu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]}}|| 'special'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Japanese phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Japanese language|Japanese]]{{sfnp|Okada|1999|p=117}} || {{lang|ja-Hani|[[kanji|特別]]}}/ {{lang|ja-Latn|[[Romanization of Japanese|'''t'''okubetsu]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ]}}|| 'special'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Japanese phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> || colspan="3" | {{example needed|date=November 2013}} || colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar.

| colspan="2" | [[Kashubian language|Kashubian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Fonetyka i fonologia|author=Jerzy Treder|url=http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000614/http://www.rastko.net/rastko-ka/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=227&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=26|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref> || ''[[Kashubian alphabet|p'''t'''ôch]]''

|{{IPA|[ptɞx]}}

|'bird'|| colspan="3" |Laminal denti-alveolar.

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || {{lang|kk|[[Kazakh alphabets|'''т'''ұз]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪us̪]}} || 'salt' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabets|'''т'''уз]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪us̪]}} || 'salt' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.

| colspan="2" | [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]{{sfnp|Kara|2003|p=11}} || {{lang|ky|[[Kyrgyz alphabets|'''т'''уз]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪us̪]}} || 'salt' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
Line 167: Line 175:

| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''त'''बला]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪əbˈlaː]}} || '[[tabla]]' ||colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Marathi phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || {{lang|mr|[[Devanagari|'''त'''बला]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪əbˈlaː]}} || '[[tabla]]' ||colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Marathi phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari| '''ता'''ली]]}}||{{IPA|[t̪äli]}}|| '[[Clapping|clappinɡ]]' || colspan="3"|Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Nepali phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{lang|Ne|[[Devanagari|'''ता'''ली]]}}||{{IPA|[t̪äli]}}|| '[[Clapping|clappinɡ]]' || colspan="3"|Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Nepali phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arag'' || {{IPA|[t̪aɾaɡ]}}|| 'whiskers'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.

| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arag'' || {{IPA|[t̪aɾaɡ]}}|| 'whiskers'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar.
Line 179: Line 187:

| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || Many dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|mon'''t'''anha]]}} || {{IPA|[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]}} || 'mountain' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may [[Affricate consonant|affricate]] to {{IPAblink|tʃ}}, {{IPAblink|tɕ}} and/or {{IPAblink|ts}} in certain environments. See [[Portuguese phonology]]

| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}} || Many dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|mon'''t'''anha]]}} || {{IPA|[mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ]}} || 'mountain' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may [[Affricate consonant|affricate]] to {{IPAblink|tʃ}}, {{IPAblink|tɕ}} and/or {{IPAblink|ts}} in certain environments. See [[Portuguese phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||[[Gurmukhī alphabet|ਤੇਲ]] / {{lang|ur|{{nq|تیل}}|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[t̪eːl]}}||'oil'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar.

| colspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ||[[Gurmukhī alphabet|ਤੇਲ]]/{{lang|ur|{{nq|تیل}}|rtl=yes}}||{{IPA|[t̪eːl]}}||'oil'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=99}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''т'''олс'''т'''ый]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]}}|| 'fat'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Russian phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Russian language|Russian]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=99}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''т'''олс'''т'''ый]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j]}}|| 'fat'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Russian phonology]]
Line 185: Line 193:

| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic phonology|Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>Bauer, Michael. ''Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> || {{lang|gd|'''t'''aigh}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰɤj]}} || 'house' || colspan="3"|

| colspan="2" | [[Scottish Gaelic phonology|Scottish Gaelic]]<ref>Bauer, Michael. ''Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.</ref> || {{lang|gd|'''t'''aigh}} || {{IPA|[t̪ʰɤj]}} || 'house' || colspan="3"|

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''т'''уга]]}} / {{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''t'''uga]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ǔːgä]}} || 'sorrow' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Serbo-Croatian]]{{sfnp|Landau|Lončarića|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=66}} || {{lang|sh-Cyrl|[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|'''т'''уга]]}}/{{lang|sh-Latn|[[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''t'''uga]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪ǔːgä]}} || 'sorrow' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Serbo-Croatian phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene alphabet|'''t'''ip]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪íːp]}} || 'type' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Slovene phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Slovene language|Slovene]]{{sfnp|Pretnar|Tokarz|1980|p=21}} || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene alphabet|'''t'''ip]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪îːp]}}|| 'type' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Slovene phonology]]

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Somali language|Somali]] || [[Somali phonology|ma'''t'''ag]]|| [mat̪ag]|| 'vomit' || colspan="3" |Dentalization of alveolar plosive.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''t'''ango]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]}} || 'tango' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Spanish phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]{{sfnp|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=255}} || {{lang|es|[[Spanish orthography|'''t'''ango]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞]}} || 'tango' ||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Spanish phonology]]
Line 193: Line 203:

| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''t'''åg]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]}}|| 'train'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Swedish phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Swedish language|Swedish]]{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''t'''åg]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ʰoːɡ]}}|| 'train'||colspan="3"| Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Swedish phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''త'''ప్పు]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪apːu]}}|| Wrong ||colspan="3"| Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.

| colspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || {{lang|te|[[Telugu script|'''త'''ప్పు]]}} || {{IPA|[t̪apːu]}}|| 'wrong' ||colspan="3"| Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Temne language|Temne]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=?}} || {{example needed|date=December 2018}}|| || – || colspan="3"|Dental.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''t''']]}} || {{IPA|[ät̪]}}|| 'horse'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Turkish phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|a'''t''']]}} || {{IPA|[ät̪]}}|| 'horse'|| colspan="3"|Laminal denti-alveolar. See [[Turkish phonology]]
Line 215: Line 223:

| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''фы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tfa.ogg|[tfə]}}||'five'||

| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''фы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Tfa.ogg|[tfə]}}||'five'||

|-

|-

| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]|| {{lang|arz|[[Arabic alphabet|توكة]]|rtl=yes}} {{transl|arz|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''ōka'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtoːkæ]}}||'barrette'|| See [[Egyptian Arabic phonology]]

| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]|| {{lang|arz|[[Arabic alphabet|توكة]]|rtl=yes}}/{{transliteration|arz|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''ōka'']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtoːkæ]}}||'barrette'|| See [[Egyptian Arabic phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || {{lang|syr|ܒܝܬܐ}} {{transl|syr|bè'''t'''a}} || {{IPA|[beːta]}}|| 'house' || Most speakers. In the [[Tyari]], [[Barwari]] and [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Southern]] dialects [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] is used.

| colspan="2" | [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic|Assyrian]] || {{lang|syr|ܒܝܬܐ}}/{{transliteration|syr|bè'''t'''a}} || {{IPA|[beːta]}}|| 'house' || Most speakers. In the [[Tyari]], [[Barwari]] and [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic|Southern]] dialects [[Voiceless dental fricative|θ]] is used.

|-

|-

| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Cantonese]]

| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''арсал]]}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|'''t'''arsal}} || {{IPA|[tɑːrsəl]}} || 'squirrel' ||

|[[Chinese characters|跌]]/[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''d'''i'''t''']]

|[ti:t̚˧]

|'fall' (v.)

| rowspan="2" |See [[Cantonese phonology|Cantonese Phonology]]

|-

|[[Traditional Chinese characters|鐵]]/[[Simplified Chinese characters|鉄]]/[[Yale romanization of Cantonese|'''t'''i'''t''']]

|[tʰi:t̚˧]

|'iron'

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Chechen language|Chechen]] || {{lang|ce-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''арсал]]}}/{{lang|ce-Latn|'''t'''arsal}} || {{IPA|[tɑːrsəl]}} || 'squirrel' ||

|-

|-

| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=61}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''d'''åse]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]}} || 'can' (n.) || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|d̥}} or {{angbr IPA|d}}. Contrasts with the affricate {{IPAblink|t͡s}} or aspirated stop {{IPA|[tʰ]}} (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|tˢ}} or {{angbr IPA|t}}.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} See [[Danish phonology]]

| [[Danish language|Danish]] || Standard{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=61}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish alphabet|'''d'''åse]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɔ̽ːsə]}} || 'can' (n.) || Usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|d̥}} or {{angbr IPA|d}}. Contrasts with the affricate {{IPAblink|t͡s}} or aspirated stop {{IPA|[tʰ]}} (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|tˢ}} or {{angbr IPA|t}}.{{sfnp|Grønnum|2005|p=120}} See [[Danish phonology]]
Line 228: Line 246:

|-

|-

| [[New York City English|New York]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} || Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}}

| [[New York City English|New York]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}} || Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=515}}

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]|| {{lang|fi|[[Finnish alphabet|par'''t'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɑrtɑ]}}|| 'beard'|| Allophone of the [[voiceless dental stop]]. See [[Finnish phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{lang|he|[[hebrew alphabet|'''ת'''מונה]]|rtl=yes}} ||{{IPA|[tmuˈna]}} || 'image' || see [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]|| {{lang|he|[[hebrew alphabet|'''ת'''מונה]]|rtl=yes}} ||{{IPA|[tmuˈna]}} || 'image' || see [[Modern Hebrew phonology]]
Line 237: Line 253:

| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''хуы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Kbd-txho.oga|[txʷə]}}||'five'||

| colspan="2" | [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] || {{lang|kbd-Cyrl|[[Cyrillic script|'''т'''хуы]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Kbd-txho.oga|[txʷə]}}||'five'||

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|តែ]]}} / {{transl|km|'''t'''ê}} || {{IPA|[tae]}} || 'tea' || See [[Khmer phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Khmer language|Khmer]] || {{lang|km|[[Khmer script|តែ]]}}/{{transliteration|km|'''t'''ê}} || {{IPA|[tae]}} || 'tea' || See [[Khmer phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|대숲]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''d'''aesup]]}} || {{IPA|[tɛsup̚]}}|| 'bamboo forest' || See [[Korean phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|대숲]]}}/{{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|'''d'''aesup]]}} || {{IPA|[tɛsup̚]}}|| 'bamboo forest' || See [[Korean phonology]]

|-

|-

| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]

| rowspan="3" |[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]
Line 262: Line 278:

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]]|| {{lang|no|[[Maltese alphabet|'''t'''assew]]}} || {{IPA|[tasˈsew]}}|| 'true' ||

| colspan="2" | [[Maltese language|Maltese]]|| {{lang|no|[[Maltese alphabet|'''t'''assew]]}} || {{IPA|[tasˈsew]}}|| 'true' ||

|-

| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]

|[[Chinese characters|地]]/[[Pinyin|'''d'''ì]]

|[ti˥˩]

|'ground'

| rowspan="2" |See [[Standard Chinese phonology|Mandarin Phonology]]

|-

|[[Chinese characters|梯]]/[[Pinyin|'''t'''ī]]

|[tʰi˥˥]

|'ladder/stairs'

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|fü'''t'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfɘtɜ]}} || 'elderly' ||

| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|pp=88–89}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|fü'''t'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfɘtɜ]}} || 'elderly' ||
Line 267: Line 293:

| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arawa'' || {{IPA|[taɾawa]}}|| 'greedy'||

| colspan="2" | [[Nunggubuyu language|Nunggubuyu]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|2005|p=158}} || '''''d'''arawa'' || {{IPA|[taɾawa]}}|| 'greedy'||

|-

|-

| colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]]{{Which|date=April 2015}} || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꄉ]]}} {{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''d'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ta˧]}} || 'place' || Contrasts aspirated and [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] forms

| colspan=2| [[Nuosu language|Nuosu]]{{Which|date=April 2015}} || {{lang|ii|[[Yi script|ꄉ]]}}/{{lang|ii-Latn|[[Yi script|'''d'''a]]}} || {{IPA|[ta˧]}} || 'place' || Contrasts aspirated and [[aspiration (phonetics)|unaspirated]] forms

|-

|-

| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>[http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699 Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited] {{in lang|pt}}</ref> || Some dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''t'''roço]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɾɔsu]}}|| 'thing' (pejorative)|| Allophone before alveolar {{IPAslink|ɾ}}. In other dialects {{IPA|/ɾ/}} takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See [[Portuguese phonology]]

| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>[http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699 Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407132811/http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/viewFile/2744/2699 |date=2014-04-07 }} {{in lang|pt}}</ref> || Some dialects || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|'''t'''roço]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈtɾɔsu]}}|| 'thing' (pejorative)|| Allophone before alveolar {{IPAslink|ɾ}}. In other dialects {{IPA|/ɾ/}} takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See [[Portuguese phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|ma'''t'''amis]]}} || {{IPA|[mɐtɐˈmis]}} || 'sweet' || colspan="3" | See [[Tagalog phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || {{lang|tl|[[Filipino orthography|ma'''t'''amis]]}} || {{IPA|[mɐtɐˈmis]}} || 'sweet' || colspan="3" | See [[Tagalog phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|'''ต'''า]]}} [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|'''''t'''a'']] || {{IPA|[taː˧]}}|| 'eye'||Contrasts with an aspirated form.

| colspan="2" | [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|'''ต'''า]]}}/[[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|'''''t'''a'']] || {{IPA|[taː˧]}}|| 'eye'||Contrasts with an aspirated form.

|-

| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|'''t'''i]]}} || {{IPA|[ti]}}|| 'flaw'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]]

|-

|-

| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''t'''osk}} || {{IPA|[ˈtosk]}}|| 'tooth'||See [[West Frisian phonology]]

| colspan="2" | [[West Frisian language|West Frisian]]|| {{lang|fy|'''t'''osk}} || {{IPA|[ˈtosk]}}|| 'tooth'||See [[West Frisian phonology]]

|}

===Postalveolar===

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Occurrence of {{IPA|[t̠]}}

! |Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes

|-

| [[Yele language|Yele]]|| {{lang|yle|[[Yele_language#Orthography|'''d'''êê]]}} || {{IPA|[t̠əː]}} || 'tongue' || Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.

|}

|}


Line 285: Line 317:

! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes

! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes

|-

|-

| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|تين}}|rtl=yes}} {{transl|ar|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''īn'']]}} || {{IPA|[tiːn]}}|| 'fig' || Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's [[Varieties of Arabic|native dialect]]. See [[Arabic phonology]]

| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]|| [[Modern Standard Arabic|Modern Standard]] || {{lang|ar|{{Script|Arab|تين}}|rtl=yes}}/{{transliteration|ar|[[Romanization of Arabic|'''''t'''īn'']]}} || {{IPA|[tiːn]}}|| 'fig' || Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's [[Varieties of Arabic|native dialect]]. See [[Arabic phonology]]

|-

|-

| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || Broad [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''t'''alk'']] || {{IPA|[toːk]}} || rowspan="3" | 'talk' || rowspan="3" | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}}{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=388}}

| rowspan="3" | [[English language|English]] || Broad [[South African English|South African]]{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}} || rowspan="3" | [[English orthography|'''''t'''alk'']] || {{IPA|[toːk]}} || rowspan="3" | 'talk' || rowspan="3" | Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=120}}{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=4}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=388}}
Line 298: Line 330:

|-

|-

| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]

| colspan="2" |[[Malay language|Malay]]

|[[Jawi alphabet|'''ت'''ڠکڤ]] ''/ [[Latin script|'''t'''angkap]]''

|[[Jawi alphabet|'''ت'''ڠکڤ]]''/[[Latin script|'''t'''angkap]]''

|{{IPA|[t̪äŋ.käp̚]}}

|{{IPA|[t̪äŋ.käp̚]}}

|'catch'

|'catch'
Line 319: Line 351:

{{refbegin|30em}}

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Latest revision as of 07:55, 9 June 2024

Voiceless alveolar plosive
t
IPA Number103
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Entity (decimal)&#116;
Unicode (hex)U+0074
X-SAMPAt
Braille⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)
Voiceless dental plosive
t̪
IPA Number103 408
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)&#116;​&#810;
Unicode (hex)U+0074 U+032A
X-SAMPAt_d
Braille⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)⠠ (braille pattern dots-6)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)

The voiceless alveolar, dental and postalveolar plosives (orstops) are types of consonantal sounds used in almost all spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar plosives is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The voiceless dental plosive can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩ and the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically.[1] Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), Abau, and Nǁng of South Africa.[citation needed]

There are only a few languages which distinguish dental and alveolar stops, Kota, Toda, Venda and many Australian Aboriginal languages being a few of them; certain varieties of Hiberno-English also distinguish them (with [t̪] being the local realisation of the Standard English phoneme /θ/, represented by ⟨th⟩).

Features[edit]

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

Varieties[edit]

IPA Description
t plain t
t̪ dentalt
t̠ postalveolart
tʰ aspiratedt
tʲ palatalizedt
tʷ labializedt
t̚ t with no audible release
t̬ voicedt
t͈ tenset
tʼ ejectivet

Occurrence[edit]

Dental or denti-alveolar[edit]

Occurrence of [t̪] in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[2] tiistax̂ [t̪iːstaχ] 'dough' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Armenian Eastern[3] տուն [t̪un]ⓘ 'house' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic ܬܠܬ̱ܐ/ţlo [t̪lɑ] 'three'
Bashkir дүрт/dürt [dʏʷrt]ⓘ 'four' Laminal denti-alveolar
Belarusian[4] стагоддзе [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] 'century' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque toki [t̪oki] 'place' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Basque phonology
Bengali তুমি [t̪umi] 'you' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[5] terra [ˈt̪ɛrɐ] 'land' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chuvash ут [ut] 'horse'
Czech toto [ˈt̪ot̪o] 'this' Laminal denti-alveolar.[6] See Czech phonology
Dinka[7] mɛth [mɛ̀t̪] 'child' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.
Dutch Belgian taal [t̪aːl̪] 'language' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[8] thin [t̪ʰɪn] 'thin' Laminal denti-alveolar. In Dublin, it may be [t͡θ] instead. See English phonology.
Indian Corresponds to [θ].[8]
Southern Irish[9]
Ulster[10] train [t̪ɹeːn] 'train' Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnish tutti [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] 'pacifier' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French[11] tordu [t̪ɔʁd̪y] 'crooked' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hakka[12] 他/ta3 [t̪ʰa˧] 'he/she' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Hindustani[13] Hindi तीन/tīn [t̪iːn] 'three' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form <थ>. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu تین/tīn Contrasts with aspirated form <تھ>.
Indonesian[14] tabir [t̪abir] 'curtain' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian[15] tale [ˈt̪ale] 'such' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Japanese[16] 特別/ tokubetsu [t̪o̞kɯ̟ᵝbe̞t͡sɨᵝ] 'special' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Japanese phonology
Kashubian[17] ptôch [ptɞx] 'bird' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh тұз [t̪us̪] 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[18] туз [t̪us̪] 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[19] tabula [ˈt̪äbulä] 'table' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Malayalam കാത്ത് [kaːt̪ːɨ̆] 'waiting' Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Mapudungun[20] füṯa [ˈfɘt̪ɜ] 'husband' Interdental.[20]
Marathi तबला [t̪əbˈlaː] 'tabla' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Nepali ताली [t̪äli] 'clappinɡ' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Nunggubuyu[21] darag [t̪aɾaɡ] 'whiskers' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Odia ତାରା/tara [t̪ärä] 'star' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form.
Pazeh[22] [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] 'keep clapping' Dental.
Polish[23] tom [t̪ɔm]ⓘ 'volume' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[24] Many dialects montanha [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] 'mountain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricateto[tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਤੇਲ/تیل [t̪eːl] 'oil' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[25] толстый [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] 'fat' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Scottish Gaelic[26] taigh [t̪ʰɤj] 'house'
Serbo-Croatian[27] туга/tuga [t̪ǔːgä] 'sorrow' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[28] tip [ˈt̪îːp] 'type' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Slovene phonology
Somali matag [mat̪ag] 'vomit' Dentalization of alveolar plosive.
Spanish[29] tango [ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞] 'tango' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish[30] tåg [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Telugu తప్పు [t̪apːu] 'wrong' Contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Turkish at [ät̪] 'horse' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[31][32] брат [brɑt̪] 'brother' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[33] [example needed] – Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[33]
Vietnamese[34] tuần [t̪wən˨˩] 'week' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[35] tant [t̪ant̪] 'so much' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar[edit]

Occurrence of [t] in various languages
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe тфы [tfə]ⓘ 'five'
Arabic Egyptian توكة/tōka [ˈtoːkæ] 'barrette' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Assyrian ܒܝܬܐ/bèta [beːta] 'house' Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Southern dialects θ is used.
Cantonese 跌/dit [ti:t̚˧] 'fall' (v.) See Cantonese Phonology
鐵/鉄/tit [tʰi:t̚˧] 'iron'
Chechen тарсал/tarsal [tɑːrsəl] 'squirrel'
Danish Standard[36] dåse [ˈtɔ̽ːsə] 'can' (n.) Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨d̥⟩ or ⟨d⟩. Contrasts with the affricate [t͡s] or aspirated stop [tʰ] (depending on the dialect), which are usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨tˢ⟩ or ⟨t⟩.[37] See Danish phonology
Dutch[38] taal [taːɫ] 'language' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers tick [tʰɪk]ⓘ 'tick' See English phonology
New York[39] Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[39]
Hebrew תמונה [tmuˈna] 'image' see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[40] tutaj [ˈtutɒj] 'raft' See Hungarian phonology
Kabardian тхуы [txʷə]ⓘ 'five'
Khmer តែ/tê [tae] 'tea' See Khmer phonology
Korean 대숲/daesup [tɛsup̚] 'bamboo forest' See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern tu [tʰʊ] 'you' See Kurdish phonology
Central تەوێڵ [tʰəweːɫ] 'forehead'
Southern تێوڵ [tʰeːwɨɫ]
Luxembourgish[41] dënn [tən] 'thin' Less often voiced [d]. It is usually transcribed /d/, and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[41] See Luxembourgish phonology
Malayalam കാറ്റ് [kaːtːɨ̆] 'wind' Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Maltese tassew [tasˈsew] 'true'
Mandarin 地/dì [ti˥˩] 'ground' See Mandarin Phonology
梯/tī [tʰi˥˥] 'ladder/stairs'
Mapudungun[20] füta [ˈfɘtɜ] 'elderly'
Nunggubuyu[21] darawa [taɾawa] 'greedy'
Nuosu[which?] ꄉ/da [ta˧] 'place' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese[42] Some dialects troço [ˈtɾɔsu] 'thing' (pejorative) Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Tagalog matamis [mɐtɐˈmis] 'sweet' See Tagalog phonology
Thai ตา/ta [taː˧] 'eye' Contrasts with an aspirated form.
West Frisian tosk [ˈtosk] 'tooth' See West Frisian phonology

Postalveolar[edit]

Occurrence of [t̠]
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Yele dêê [t̠əː] 'tongue' Contrasts /t̪ t̪͡p t̪ʲ t̠ t̠͡p t̠ʲ/.

Variable[edit]

Occurrence of a voiceless plosive variable between alveolar and dental positions
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic Modern Standard تين‎/tīn [tiːn] 'fig' Laminal denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
English Broad South African[43] talk [toːk] 'talk' Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[43][44][45]
Scottish[44] [tʰɔk]
Welsh[45] [tʰɒːk]
German Standard[46] Tochter [ˈtɔxtɐ] 'daughter' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[46] See Standard German phonology
Greek[47] τρία tria [ˈtɾiä] 'three' Varies between dental, laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[47] See Modern Greek phonology
Malay تڠکڤ/tangkap [t̪äŋ.käp̚] 'catch' More commonly dental. Often unreleased in syllable codas. See Malay phonology
Norwegian Urban East[48] dans [t̻ɑns] 'dance' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar. It is usually transcribed /d/. It may be partially voiced [d̥], and it contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /t/.[48] See Norwegian phonology
Persian[49] توت [t̪ʰuːt̪ʰ] 'berry' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar.[49] See Persian phonology
Slovak[50][51] to [t̻ɔ̝] 'that' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[50][51] See Slovak phonology

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
  • ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  • ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
  • ^ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  • ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  • ^ Skarnitzl, Radek. "Asymmetry in the Czech Alveolar Stops: An EPG Study". Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  • ^ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
  • ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  • ^ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  • ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-01-12. Retrieved 2015-04-26.
  • ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  • ^ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
  • ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  • ^ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  • ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  • ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  • ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  • ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  • ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  • ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  • ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
  • ^ Blust (1999), p. 330.
  • ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  • ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  • ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  • ^ Bauer, Michael. Blas na Gàidhlig: The Practical Guide to Gaelic Pronunciation. Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011.
  • ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  • ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  • ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  • ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  • ^ S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
  • ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  • ^ a b Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  • ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  • ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  • ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
  • ^ Grønnum (2005), p. 120.
  • ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  • ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 515.
  • ^ Szende (1994), p. 91.
  • ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  • ^ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited Archived 2014-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
  • ^ a b Lass (2002), p. 120.
  • ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  • ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
  • ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 47.
  • ^ a b Arvaniti (2007), p. 10.
  • ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
  • ^ a b Mahootian (2002:287–289)
  • ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 72.
  • ^ a b Pavlík (2004), pp. 98–99.

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    • External links[edit]


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