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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m C o m f o r t f o o d s )
Chicken soup , a common classic comfort food that is found across various cultures
Comfort food is food that provides a nostalgic or sentimental value to someone[1] caloric nature associated with childhood or home cooking.[2] culture .[3]
Definition and history [ edit ]
The term comfort food has been traced back at least to 1966, when the Palm Beach Post poached egg or famous chicken soup ."[4] JSTOR , it might have been Liza Minnelli who used the term for the first time in its modern meaning in an interview, admitting to craving a hamburger .[5]
When the term first appeared, newspapers used it in quotation marks. In the 1970s, the most popular comfort food in the United States were various potato dishes and chicken soup , but even at the time, the definition varied from person to person. During the next decades, the nature of comfort food changed in the USA, shifting from savory dishes to sweet ones, while comfort food themed cookbooks started to spread and restaurants started to offer items labelled as such, when originally the term was used for food items consumed "home alone". Worldwide diet trends, emerging in the 1990s, like the low fat or the low-carb diet were unable to end the cravings for comfort food. According to White, the COVID-19 pandemic that hit the world in 2020 further strengthened people's need for comfort food that evokes nostalgia and the feeling of belonging.[5]
Psychological studies [ edit ]
Consuming energy-dense, high calorie, high fat, salt or sugar foods, such as ice cream or french fries , may trigger the reward system in the human brain, which gives a distinctive pleasure or temporary sense of emotional elevation and relaxation.[6] [7] psychoactive ingredients found in other foods, such as coffee and chocolate .[8] negative emotions tend to eat unhealthy food in an effort to experience the instant gratification that comes with it, even if only short-lived.[9]
One study divided college-students' comfort-food identifications into four categories (nostalgic foods, indulgence foods, convenience foods , and physical comfort foods) with a special emphasis on the deliberate selection of particular foods to modify mood or affect, and indications that the medical-therapeutic use of particular foods may ultimately be a matter of mood-alteration.[10]
The identification of particular items as comfort food may be idiosyncratic, though patterns are detectable. In one study of American preferences, "males preferred warm, hearty, meal-related comfort foods (such as steak , casseroles, and soup) while females instead preferred comfort foods that were more snack related (such as chocolate and ice cream). In addition, younger people preferred more snack-related comfort foods compared to those over 55 years of age." The study also revealed strong connections between consumption of comfort foods and feelings of guilt .[11]
Comfort food consumption is seen as a response to emotional stress and, consequently, as a key contributor to the epidemic of obesity in the United States .[12] self-medication .[13]
Further studies suggest that consumption of comfort food is triggered in men by positive emotions, and by negative ones in women.[14] healthy eating choices during times of emotional stress.[15] [16]
A therapeutic use of these findings includes offering comfort foods or "happy hour " beverages to anorectic geriatric patients whose health and quality of life otherwise decreases with reduced oral intake.[17]
By region [ edit ]
A partial list by region of comfort foods around the world.
Afghanistan [ edit ]
Comfort foods in Afghanistan are:
Aushak – stuffed dumplings and sauce
Bolani – filled flatbread[18]
Borani Banjan or Borani-e-Banjan – baked eggplant with yogurt sauce
Borani Kadoo or Borani-e-Kado – sweet and savory braised pumpkin with yogurt sauce [19]
Chainaki – lamb stew, traditionally served in a bowl lined with naan , and cooked in a clay vessel known as a chainak [20]
Chalaw or Challow – steamed rice with spices
Kabuli palaw or Qabuli Pulao – steamed rice with raisins, carrots, and lamb[19]
Karahai – meat cooked in a traditional karahi pot
Kebab – grilled skewered meat[18]
Korma Gosht or Qorma-e-Gosht – braised meat[21]
Mantu – meat-stuffed dumpling[18] [21]
Naan – flatbread[19]
Sabzi Palu – spinach (sabzi ) with spices
Sher Berinj – rice pudding[22]
Australia, New Zealand and South Africa [ edit ]
A Pavlova garnished with fruit and cream
Comfort foods in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa may include:
Bread and butter pudding [23] [24]
Butterscotch apple dumplings [24]
Casserole (beef or chicken)[24]
Chicken soup [24]
Fish and Chips
Golden syrup pikelets [24]
Honey and oat slices[24]
Hot chips [23]
Lamingtons [25]
Mashed potatoes [23] [24]
Meat pie [23] [24]
Pea and ham soup [24]
Pie floater [26]
Porridge , topped with brown sugar or honey , yogurt , nuts , and fruit [24]
Potato wedges [23]
Pumpkin soup [24]
Rice custard[24]
Roast meat (beef , chicken, or pork with crackling )[23] [24]
Roast potatoes [24]
Sausage and mash [24]
Sausage roll [23]
Shepherd's pie [24]
Spaghetti [24]
Steak and kidney pie [24]
Sticky date pudding[23] [24]
Vegemite or Marmite on toast[27]
Brigadeiro , a truffle-like confection
Flan
A plate of classic poutine at a Montreal restaurant
Cake [31]
Cheesecake [32]
Chili and beans [33]
Chocolate bars [30]
Cookies [29]
Fish and chips [34]
Fried chicken [31]
Fried rice [35]
Ginger beef [36]
Grilled cheese sandwich [29] [34] [35] [37]
Hamburger [37] [29]
Ice cream [30] [31]
Lasagna [31] [38]
Macaroni and cheese [29] [30] [31] [34] [35] [37] [39]
Nanaimo bar [30] [34]
Pancakes with maple syrup [29] [37]
Pea soup [35]
Pierogies [35]
Pizza [35] [29] [37]
Potatoes such as French fries , Hash browns , Mashed potatoes ,[31] Potato chips ,[30] Potato salad
Poutine [27] [28] [29] [30] [34] [35] [37]
Roast meat (beef , chicken, Turkey or pork with crackling )[23] [24]
Roast potatoes [24]
Rhubarb pie [38]
Sausage and mash [24]
Sausage roll [23]
Scrambled eggs on toast [35]
Shepherd's pie [24]
Spaghetti [24]
Steak and kidney pie [24]
Tourtière – meat pie with pork and lard[28]
Ful medames served with hard-boiled eggs, a staple in Egypt
A madeleine . A madeleine de Proust is a French expression specifically referring to Marcel Proust 's description of comfort food in In Search of Lost Time
French onion soup – onion soup with cheese and bread[51]
Gratin dauphinois – potato slices baked with cream[27]
Pâté – cold meat paste[51]
Pot-au-feu – beef stew[52]
Germany [ edit ]
Flädlesuppe
German comfort foods may include the following foods:
Auszogne
Bouletten, Frikadellen, Fleischpflanzerl etc.
Bratkartoffeln [53]
Currywurst [53]
Flädlesuppe [54]
Fleischsalat
Frankfurter
Franzbrötchen
Gaisburger Marsch
Hamburger Aalsuppe
Hamburger Labskaus
Kartoffelpuffer [54]
Käsespätzle [54] [53]
Klöße [54] [53]
Kohlrouladen [54]
Leberkäse
Laugenbrezn, Laugengebäck
Maultaschen [54]
Mett
Münchner Weißwürscht
Nürnberger Lebkuchen
Nürnberger Rostbratwurst
Obazda
Pichlstoana
Regensburger
Rote Grütze
Rindsrouladen [54]
Sauerbraten [54]
Saumagen
Schwäbische Spätzle
Schlachtplatte
Schnitzel [53]
Schweinshaxn
Spanferkel
Steckerlfisch
Schweinsbraten
Hong Kong [ edit ]
Cart noodle – an à la carte noodle dish traditionally sold using carts[59]
Cha Chaan Teng – a Hong Kong style place to eat comfort food[60]
Dim Sum – small bite-sized portions of food served in small steamer baskets during yum cha [61]
Egg Tart [62]
Hotpot [63]
Macaroni in broth – a type of Hong Kong-style western cuisine [64]
Pineapple Bun – a type of pastry that resembles a pineapple [64]
Put chai ko – a palm-sized pudding cake snack
Siu Mei (including char siu ) – meats roasted on spits over an open fire or in a large rotisserie oven[64]
Hungary [ edit ]
Puliszka with curd cheese and smoked lard (left) and plum preserve (right)
Indonesia [ edit ]
Bubur ayam (chicken congee ) is an Indonesian comfort food.
Some popular Indonesian foods are considered to be comfort food, usually served hot or warm, and either soupy or with a soft texture. Most of them are high in carbs or fat, such as congee, fried rice, and noodles which are high in carbs; while meatballs and grilled skewered meats contain fair amounts of fat and salt. Comfort foods often are the kind of food that provides nostalgic sentiments, as they often called masakan rumahan (home cooking) or masakan ibu (mother's dishes). In Indonesia, the warm and soft texture of bubur ayam is believed to help people to recover during convalescence .[76] flu . The warm soup contains chunk of chicken, bits of potato, carrot, and common green bean served in chicken stock.[77]
Some Indonesian comfort foods are traditional Indonesian food and some are derived from Chinese influences .
Indonesian comfort foods include:
For some Indonesians, especially those who are abroad, comfort food may include a favourite brand or type of Indonesian instant noodles , such as Indomie Mi goreng mentioned already.[82]
Ireland [ edit ]
Panna cotta
Cacciucco – fish stew[88]
Crostini – small toasted bread slices with toppings[88]
Gnocchi – small soft dough dumplings[89] [88]
Lasagne – flat noodles (pasta ) layered with meat, cheese and tomato sauce[90] [91]
Pasta all'amatriciana – pasta with guanciale , tomato sauce and pecorino cheese [92] [88]
Pasta alla carbonara – pasta with egg , guanciale , and pecorino cheese [88]
Nutella – sweet spread of cocoa and hazelnuts [93]
Panna cotta – sweetened cream thickened with gelatin[88]
Pizza – baked flatbread with toppings[88]
Porchetta – boneless pork roast[88]
Risotto [88]
In Japan, there is an expression called "Taste of Mom(おふくろの味 )".
Curry Rice/Kare Raisu – Stewed vegetables - most commonly potato, onion, and carrot - in a mild curry sauce, sometimes with meat[94]
Chazuke/ochazuke – rice with green tea[95] [96] [97]
Miso soup – soybean-flavored clear soup[95]
Mochi – rice cake[97]
Onigiri – rice ball[95] [97]
Ramen – soup with thin noodles[97] [98]
Takoyaki – octopus balls[97]
Tempura – battered, deep-fried pieces of meat or vegetables[95] [97]
Udon – soup with thick noodles[95] [97]
Philippines [ edit ]
Pork adobo
Adobo – A salt and vinegar marinated meat stew, with a large amount of local and regional variations.[100] [101]
Arroz Caldo / Lugaw – A thick, savory rice porridge, often served as breakfast, on rainy days, or when sick.[102] [103]
Batchoy – A noodle soup with a variety of meats.[104]
Filipino spaghetti - Sweet and savory spaghetti[105]
Ginataan – A coconut cream -based dessert soup with candied banana, sticky rice balls, sagó (tapioca balls), taro, and langkâ (jackfruit).[106]
Bulalo – A beef bone marrow soup.[103]
Champorado – Chocolate rice porridge, sometimes served savory (as with tuyô [27] [107] [103]
Dinuguan - A pork blood and offal stew.[107]
Halo-halo – A cold, crushed ice dessert dish of mixed sweets in fruits, with milk and topped with ice cream and leche flan .[100] [104]
Kare-kare – A stew of ox tripe and oxtail in a peanut sauce. It is regarded as a local variant of Indian curry.[101]
Lumpia – Fried or fresh spring rolls with vegetable or meat filling.[101]
Lomi – A hot noodle soup with distinctly thick egg noodles.[103]
Pancit – A class of noodles, almost always fried or stir-fried, and often served during birthday celebrations.[101] [108]
puto – Steamed rice cakes[107]
Sinampalukan - Sour, tamarind -based chicken soup[109] [110]
Sinigang – A classification of sour soups with different configurations of meats, vegetables, and souring agents.[100] [103] [104]
Sopas - A creamy soup (usually made with chicken) with elbow macaroni .[103] [111] [112]
Suman – Another type of glutinous rice cake[104]
Tsokolate – Hot chocolate drink made with cacao , served with or without milk.[103]
Steamed pierogi, with fried onions on top
Some Polish comfort food include:
Barszcz z uszkami – a variant of borscht , a clear beetroot soup with forest mushrooms dumplings[114]
Gulasz – goulash / meat and vegetable stew[115]
Kapuśniak – sour cabbage soup (sauerkraut soup)
Rosół – chicken soup with fine noodles[116] [115]
Zupa grzybowa – wild mushroom soup
Zupa ogórkowa – sour cucumber soup[116]
Zupa pomidorowa – clear tomato soup with rice or noodles[116]
Zupa szczawiowa – sorrel soup served with boiled egg[116]
Żurek – sour rye soup[113] [114]
Budyń waniliowy z malinami – vanilla pudding with raspberries[citation needed
Kotlet schabowy – pork schnitzel[114]
Golonka – stewed or roasted ham hock [114]
Kopytka – small potato dumpling[114]
Łazanki – large flat noodles with fried sauerkraut
Makaron ze śmietaną i truskawkami [117]
Naleśniki z twarogiem pancakes with milk curd[114]
Pierogi – filled dumplings[27] [118] [113]
Placki ziemniaczane – potato pancakes[117]
Sernik – baked cheesecake
Śledź w oleju [citation needed
Zasmażana kapusta - braised sauerkraut
Zapiekanka – toasted open-face sandwich[114]
Puerto Rico [ edit ]
Arroz con pollo : chicken with rice
Some Puerto Rican comfort foods include:
Arroz con pollo – rice with chicken[119]
Bistec encebollado – steak and onions[121]
Carne Guisada – stewed beef[120]
Carne mechada – Puerto Rican style meatloaf
Churrasco – grilled flank or skirt steak[121]
Cuchifritos and Fritanga – assortments of fried appetizers (alcapurrias , bacalaitos, pastelitos/pastelillos , piononos , sorullos/sorullitos )[121] [119] [120]
Habichuelas guisadas con calabaza – beans stewed with pumpkin[121]
Lechón asado – roast pork[121]
Mixta – white rice, stewed beans with pumpkin and stewed meat with potatoes and carrots
Mofongo and trifongo – fried mashed green plantains[121] [122]
Mofongo relleno de mariscos, carne o pollo – Fried mashed green plantains stuffed with seafood, meat or chicken[119]
Pasteles – Puerto Rican tamales[120]
Pastelón de plátano maduro – ripe banana casserole with ground beef and cheddar cheese[120]
Pinchos – Puerto Rican skewers[122]
Tostones – fried plantain slices[121] [122]
Romania [ edit ]
Papanași
Romanian comfort foods may include:
Brânzoaică – soft cake filled with sweet cheese[123]
Chocolate salami – dessert made from cocoa , broken biscuits and butter[124]
Ciorbă de perișoare – sour soup with meatballs [125]
Cozonac – sweet yeast dough[126]
Greta Garbo [127]
Mititei – grilled ground meat rolls[128]
Papanași – traditional fried or boiled pastry [128]
Roasted eggplant salad – chopped roasted eggplants [128]
Salată de boeuf – chopped beef and root vegetables[126]
Sarmale – stuffed cabbage leaves[126]
Stuffed peppers – hollowed peppers filled with meat and rice[129]
Solyanka
Russian comfort foods may include:
Borscht [130]
Dressed herring – layered herring salad[131]
Golubtsy – cabbage rolls[27] [130]
Kasha – buckwheat porridge[130]
Kotlety – meatballs[130]
Kholodets – savory gelatin
Kulebyaka - a fish pie
Kvass – fermented drink made with bread
Napoleon – layered cake with layers of pastry and cream
Okroshka – cold vegetable soup
Oladyi – small thick pancakes or fritters[132]
Olivier salad – mayo, sausage and vegetable salad[130]
Pelmeni – meat-filled dumpling[130]
Pirozhki – buns with various fillings[130]
Rassolnik – soup with pickles
Shashlik – skewered and grilled cubes of meat
Shchi – predominantly cabbage soup
Solyanka – spicy and sour soup[133]
Syrniki – cottage cheese pancakes [132]
Ukha – fish-based clear soup
Vareniki – filled dumplings (see pierogi for Poland)
Vinegret – a salad made of diced vegetables, normally sour
Zakuski – an array of dishes to supplement main courses
South Korea [ edit ]
Seolleongtang
Kimbap – cooked rice rolled in seaweed and stuffed with vegetables or meat[134]
Samgyeopsal – roasted pork belly[135]
Mandu – dumplings with various fillings[135]
Soups and stews
Chocolate con churros
Chocolate con churros – hot chocolate drink with fried dough [138]
Cordero asado – grilled lamb [citation needed
Fried seafood, such as boquerones fritos (fried anchovies ) and calamares fritos (fried squid )
Gazpacho [citation needed
Jamón serrano [137]
Paella [139]
Sausage, such as chorizo morcilla salchichón [citation needed
Sobao [137]
Stew , such as cocido madrileño (Madrid stew)[140]
Tarta de Santiago [139]
Torreznos bacon [137]
Tortilla española or tortilla de patata – potato omelet[139] [141]
Catalonia [ edit ]
Comfort foods in Catalonia include:
Pa amb tomàquet
Allioli (Aioli ) (sauce which is an emulsion of garlic and olive oil. The name literally means "garlic and oil" in Catalan)
Catalan-style cod (with raisins and pine nuts )
Escalivada
Escudella i carn d'olla
Canelons (Cannelloni with a bechamel sauce)
Fricandó [es
Esqueixada salted cod salad with tomato and onion)
Mongetes amb botifarra (beans and pork sausage)
Suquet [es
Savoury coca
Mar i muntanya [ast ]
Embotits pork meat, including fuet (a characteristic type of dried sausage), salchichón or llonganissa botifarra .
Calçot onion , grilled and served as a "Calçotada" )
Caragols a la llauna snails )
Sonsos
Crema catalana
Panellets
Switzerland [ edit ]
Fondue is an emblematic comfort food.[142]
Traditional Swiss cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and extensive use of dairy products like cheese, cream and butter. Fruits (often apple compote) are also used in many (main) dishes,[143] Älplermagronen and Maluns .
Capuns
Cholera
Fondue
Maluns
Pizzoccheri
Raclette
Rösti (with various accompaniments)
Wähe (with various ingredients)
Dan zai noodles
Dan zai noodles – noodles and prawn with broth[145]
Minced pork rice [145]
Oyster omelette [146]
Red bean soup [147]
Small sausage in large sausage – grilled sausage in a rice casing[146]
Tangyuan – filled rice dumplings in sweet syrup[147]
Mantı, with yogurt and red pepper sauce
Some Turkish comfort foods are:
Kuru fasulye – bean and tomato stew[27] [150] [151]
Pilav – rice dish[152]
Mercimek Çorbası – a soup based on lentils[153]
Börek – baked filled pastries, a wide variety of regional variations of börek exists
Menemen - commonly eaten for breakfast[154]
Yaprak Sarma - stuffed grape leaves[150]
Gözleme - a stuffed flatbread , commonly stuffed with spinach, minced meat and potato mash[150]
Lahmacun [151]
Pide [151]
Tarhana soup [153]
Ukraine [ edit ]
Ukrainian comfort foods include, but aren't limitied to:
Borscht — beetroots soup, also there are few variants:
White borscht
Cabbage borscht
Deruny — potato pancakes with sour cream
Holubtsi — small, medium or large rolls with prepared rice
Kasha — kind of porridge
Kolach — sweet, round shaped pastry
Mlynci — pancakes.
Nalysnyky — pancakes with fillings
Pampushky — small savory or sweet yeast-raised bun
Pyrizhky — baked or fried small donuts with different (mostly fruits or meat) fillings. (Not to be confused with Polish PiErogi or Russian PirogI )
Syrnyky — fried quark pancakes , garnished with sour cream
Varennia — jam
Varenyky — Filled dumplings cooked at boiling water
Vinegret — Beans and potato salad colored with beetroots
United Kingdom [ edit ]
Bangers and mash is a British comfort food.[155]
United Kingdom comfort foods include:
Bangers and mash – sausages and mashed potatoes[155] [157] [158] [159]
Biscuit
Cauliflower cheese [157] [159] [160] [161]
Chicken tikka masala [159] [160] [161]
Cornish pasty [157] [159]
Cottage pie (Shepherd's pie)[157] [158] [159] [160]
Custard [160]
Curry – India-inspired stew over rice[158]
Egg and chips [158] [162]
Egg and soldiers – toast sliced into approximately six to eight pieces lengthwise, to dip into soft-boiled egg yolk[158] [163]
Fish and chips [157] [158] [164]
Fish finger sandwich
Fruit crumble – stewed fruit with crumbly topping[27] [157] [159] [160]
Full English breakfast [157] [158]
Lancashire hotpot [160]
Pies
Potatoes
Puddings
Roasted meat , such as Beef [27] [157] [158] [159] or chicken [157] [159]
Scotch egg – hard-boiled egg baked in sausage[157] [159]
Soups and stews
Stottie cake – heavy, round bread[167]
Toad in the hole – sausages baked in Yorkshire pudding [158] [159] [160]
Toast
Toastie – grilled sandwich[160]
Tea
Yorkshire pudding [157] [159] [168]
United States [ edit ]
Macaroni and cheese is an American comfort food.[169]
American comfort foods may include the following foods:
Beef stew
Biscuits and gravy [171] [172]
Breakfast cereal [173]
Burritos [172]
Cake [171] [174]
Casseroles [174] [175]
Chicken and dumplings [174]
Chicken fried steak [174]
Chicken soup [171] [172]
Chili [169] [171] [174]
Chili mac [176]
Chocolate [177]
Chocolate chip cookies [171] [174]
Chowders : Clam chowder , Shrimp chowder , Corn chowder , etc.[171] [174]
Cornbread [174]
Corned beef and cabbage
Cupcakes [171] [174]
Fluffernutter
French fries [171] [172]
Fried chicken [27] [171] [172] [174]
Green bean casserole [174]
Green chile stew
Grilled cheese sandwich [171] [172] tomato soup [174]
Grits [4] [174]
Hotdish
Ice cream [171] [174]
Lasagna [174]
Macaroni and cheese [169] [171] [172] [174]
Mashed potatoes [27] [171] [172] [174]
Meatloaf [171] [174]
Peanut butter [178]
Peanut butter and jelly sandwich [179]
Pepperoni rolls
Pizza [27] [172]
Popcorn [177]
Potato chips [177]
Pot roast [174] [180] [181]
Red beans and rice [174] [182]
Tamale pie [183]
Tapioca pudding
Tuna casserole [184]
See also [ edit ]
Dish (food)
Emotional eating
Food group
Food presentation
Haute cuisine
List of foods
List of nutrition guides
Outline of food preparation
Portion size
Whole food
References [ edit ]
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Further reading [ edit ]
External links [ edit ]
t
e
Dishes
Africa
North America
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R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comfort_food&oldid=1228291659 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● E a t i n g d i s o r d e r s ● F o o d a n d d r i n k t e r m i n o l o g y ● N o s t a l g i a ● O b e s i t y ● P s y c h o l o g i c a l s t r e s s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● C S 1 H u n g a r i a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( hu ) ● C S 1 I n d o n e s i a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( id ) ● C S 1 P o l i s h - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( pl ) ● C S 1 R u s s i a n - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( ru ) ● C S 1 S p a n i s h - l a n g u a g e s o u r c e s ( es ) ● C S 1 m a i n t : m u l t i p l e n a m e s : a u t h o r s l i s t ● C S 1 m a i n t : l o c a t i o n m i s s i n g p u b l i s h e r ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● U s e d m y d a t e s f r o m J u l y 2 0 2 3 ● A l l a r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m N o v e m b e r 2 0 2 2 ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g P o l i s h - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s w i t h u n s o u r c e d s t a t e m e n t s f r o m M a r c h 2 0 2 2 ● C o m m o n s c a t e g o r y l i n k i s o n W i k i d a t a
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 1 0 J u n e 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 2 : 4 5 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
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