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A p p e a r a n c e
F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m W a x i a n g h u a )
Waxiang (simplified Chinese : 瓦乡话 ; traditional Chinese : 瓦鄉話 ; pinyin : Wǎxiānghuà ɕioŋ˥tsa˧ Chinese ,[3] [4] Waxiang people , an unrecognized ethnic minority group in the northwestern part of Hunan province, China . Waxiang is a distinct language, and is very different from the surrounding Southwestern Mandarin , Xiang Chinese , and the Eastern Miao (Xong) languages.
Classification
[ edit ]
As noted by Laurent Sagart (2011)[5] [6] [7] [8] Caijia language of western Guizhou . Sagart (2011) considers Caijia to be a sister of Waxiang. Currently, Waxiang is classified as a divergent Chinese variety rather than a non-Sinitic language.[3] [4] Old Chinese , Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have also been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010).[9]
Qu & Tang (2017) show that Waxiang and Miao (Qo Xiong ) have had little mutual influence on each other.[10]
Distribution
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Waxianghua is found in Luxi , Guzhang and Yongshun counties in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture , Zhangjiajie prefecture-level city (in Dayong 大庸 Chenxi , Xupu and Yuanling counties in Huaihua prefecture-level city. Neighboring languages include Southwestern Mandarin , Xiang Chinese , Tujia , Qo Xiong , and Hm Nai .
hua
xiang
wa
The word Wa 瓦
Wu & Shen (2010) report Waxianghua to be spoken in the following villages.
Yuanling County : Qingshuiping 清水坪 麻溪铺 太常 乌宿 凉水井
Luxi County : Basheping 八什坪 上堡 梁家谭 白沙镇
Guzhang County : Linchang 林场 高望界 高峰 淘金村 北水坪 岩头寨 山枣 野竹 河蓬 草潭
Chenxi County : Tianwan 田湾 板桥 船溪驿 谭家坊
Xupu County : Rangjiaxi 让家溪 大渭溪 木溪
Yongshun County : Limin 里明村 镇溪 小溪 王村镇
Liubaohua 六保话 筲箕田村 山枣乡 [11]
Guzhang County
Shanzao Township 山枣乡 火麻村 高寨村 筲箕田村 磨刀村
Yantouzhai Township 岩头寨乡 银坪村 梓木坪村 碗沟溪村
Luxi County : Basheping Township 八什坪乡
Yuanling County : Maxipu Town 麻溪铺镇 筲箕湾镇
The Nanshan dialect of Waxianghua (Chinese : 南山乡话 ) is spoken in parts of Chengbu County , Hunan and Longsheng County , Guangxi by about 1,100 Waxiang people who had originally migrated from Yuanling County. Their villages include:[12]
Chengbu County , Hunan
Xuntou Village 巡头村 and Mugua Village 木瓜村, both of which are in Wutuan Town 五团镇
Juezhiping Village 蕨枝坪村, Nanshan Town 南山镇[13]
Longsheng County , Guangxi
Ganjia Village 甘甲村, Weishan Township 伟江乡
Phonology
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Conservative features
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Waxiang preserves a number of features of Old Chinese not found in most modern varieties of Chinese , such as the initial *l- (which became a voiced dental stop in Middle Chinese ):[15]
Guzhang li6 地 OC (Baxter–Sagart ) *lˤejs >MC dijH Mandarin dì
Guzhang lu6 大 OC *lˤats >MC dajH dà
Guzhang li2 遲 OC *lrəj >MC drij chí
Guzhang luʔ8 讀 OC *C.lˤok >MC duwk dú
Waxiang also has some cases of /z/ for Old Chinese *r- (which became l- in Middle Chinese):[16]
Guzhang za2 棃 OC *C.rəj >MC lij lí
Guzhang zɛ2 來 OC *mə.rˤək > *rˤə >MC loj lái
In a number of words, Waxiang and Proto-Min have affricate initials where Middle Chinese has sy- :[17]
Guzhang tsu3 *tšyi B 水 OC *s.turʔ >MC sywijX shuǐ
Guzhang tɕiəu1 *tšy A 書 OC *s-ta >MC syo shū
In some words, Waxiang and Proto-Min have voiced affricates where Middle Chinese has y- :[18]
Guzhang dzoŋ3 *-džioŋ B 癢 OC *Cə.ɢaŋʔ >MC yangX yǎng
Waxiang and Caijia
[ edit ]
Sagart (2011) argues that Waxiang and Caijia together constitute the earliest branching of Chinese. However, Sagart later retracted this proposal, saying that he is no longer sure whether Waxiang and Caijia actually form a subgroup together.[5]
Like Waxiang, Caijia preserves Old Chinese *l-, has a voiced fricative reflex of *r-, and retains the Old Chinese word 字 'love', which has been replaced by 愛 in all other Chinese varieties. Waxiang and Caijia also share two words not found in other Chinese varieties:[5]
'two': Caijia ta ⁵⁵tso⁵³ , from Old Chinese 再 *tsˤəs 'twice'
'milk': Caijia mi ⁵⁵mi ⁵⁵
References
[ edit ]
^ a b Baxter, William ; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction . Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5
^ a b Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s ): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects" . Walter de Gruyter . p. 73. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2
^ a b c Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
^ de Sousa, Hilário. 2015. The Far Southern Sinitic Languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia . In Enfield, N.J. & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art (Pacific Linguistics 649), 356–439. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi :10.1515/9781501501685-009 .
^ 湘西瓦乡话“吃饭”【柔摸】读音来历考
^ 沅陵乡话（船溪）与白语蔡家话个别读音对比
^ Wu Yunji, Shen Ruiqing [伍云姬、沈瑞清]. 2010. An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture [湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告]. Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社].
^ Qu Jianhui 瞿建慧; Tang Jiaxin 唐家新. 2017. Xiangxi Xianghua yu Xiangxi Miaoyu 湘西乡话与湘西苗语. Minzu Yuwen , vol. 2.
^ Zou, Xiaoling 邹晓玲. 2012. Classification of "Siklehua" in Guzhang County in Western Hunan 湘西古丈县“六保话”的系属 . Journal of Jishou University (Social Science Edition) 吉首大学学报(社会科学版) 33(1 ).
^ Zheng, Yanxia [郑焱霞]; Peng, Jianguo [彭建国]. 2016. Hunan Chengbu Xuntou Xianghua yanjiu [湖南城步巡头乡话研究]. Hunan Normal University Press [湖南师范大学出版社].
^ Zheng, Yanxia 郑焱霞. 2010. Xiang-Gui bianjie Nanshan Xianghua yanjiu 湘桂边界南山乡话研究. Doctoral dissertation. Changsha: Hunan Normal University 湖南师范大学.
^ 伍云姬 、沈瑞清 合著《湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告》
^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 109.
^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 110.
^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 93.
^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 189.
Further reading
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Hilary Chappell (2012), "Typology of an isolated Sinitic language: Waxiang, a language of northwestern Hunan, China" (presentation slides), keynote at 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics .
Chappell, Hilary; Peyraube, Alain; Wu, Yunji (2011). "A comitative source for object markers in Sinitic languages: 跟 kai55 in Waxiang and 共 kang7 in Southern Min" . Journal of East Asian Linguistics . 20 4 ): 291–338. doi :10.1007/s10831-011-9078-z . PMC 3837201 PMID 24273384 .
Yang, Wei [杨蔚]. 1999. Yuanling Xianghua yanjiu [沅陵乡话研究]. Changsha: Hunan Educational Press [湖南敎育出版社].
Yang, Wei [杨蔚]. 2010. Xiangxi Xianghua yuyin yanjiu [湘西乡话语音研究]. Guangzhou: Guangdong Press [广东省出版集团].
Zheng, Yanxia [郑焱霞]; Peng, Jianguo [彭建国]. 2016. Hunan Chengbu Xuntou Xianghua yanjiu [湖南城步巡头乡话研究]. Hunan Normal University Press [湖南师范大学出版社].
Chen, Hui [陈晖]. 2016. Hunan Luxi Liangjiatan Xianghua yanjiu [湖南泸溪梁家潭乡话研究]. Hunan Normal University Press [湖南师范大学出版社].
Chen, Hui [陈晖]. 2019. Hunan Luxi Xianghua [湖南泸溪乡话]. Beijing: The Commercial Press [商务印书馆]. ISBN 9787100179850 .
Deng, Jie [邓婕]. 2020. Xiangxi Xianghua jiechu yu yanbian yanjiu [湘西乡话的接触与演变研究]. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Li, Jiaolei [李姣雷]. 2021. Xiangxi Xianghua yuyin cengci ji yanbian yanjiu [湘西乡话语音层次及演变研究] / Phonological Strata and Evolution of Xianghua Dialects of Western Xiang . Beijing: The Commercial Press .
t
e
Official
Regional
Indigenous
Minority
Varieties of
Creole/Mixed
Extinct
Sign
GX = Guangxi
HK = Hong Kong
MC = Macau
NM = Inner Mongolia
XJ = Xinjiang
XZ = Tibet
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waxiang_Chinese&oldid=1223075738 " C a t e g o r i e s : ● Y u a n l i n g C o u n t y ● V a r i e t i e s o f C h i n e s e ● S i n o - T i b e t a n l a n g u a g e s H i d d e n c a t e g o r i e s : ● P a g e s c o n t a i n i n g l i n k s t o s u b s c r i p t i o n - o n l y c o n t e n t ● L a n g u a g e a r t i c l e s c i t i n g E t h n o l o g u e 1 8 ● A r t i c l e s w i t h s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n ● S h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n m a t c h e s W i k i d a t a ● L a n g u a g e a r t i c l e s w i t h o l d E t h n o l o g u e 1 8 s p e a k e r d a t a ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g s i m p l i f i e d C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g M a n d a r i n C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● P a g e s w i t h p l a i n I P A ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g O l d C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g L a t e M i d d l e C h i n e s e - l a n g u a g e t e x t ● A r t i c l e s c o n t a i n i n g u n c o d e d - l a n g u a g e t e x t
● T h i s p a g e w a s l a s t e d i t e d o n 9 M a y 2 0 2 4 , a t 1 8 : 4 7 ( U T C ) . ● T e x t i s a v a i l a b l e u n d e r t h e C r e a t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - S h a r e A l i k e L i c e n s e 4 . 0 ;
a d d i t i o n a l t e r m s m a y a p p l y . B y u s i n g t h i s s i t e , y o u a g r e e t o t h e T e r m s o f U s e a n d P r i v a c y P o l i c y . W i k i p e d i a ® i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f t h e W i k i m e d i a F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . , a n o n - p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n . ● P r i v a c y p o l i c y ● A b o u t W i k i p e d i a ● D i s c l a i m e r s ● C o n t a c t W i k i p e d i a ● C o d e o f C o n d u c t ● D e v e l o p e r s ● S t a t i s t i c s ● C o o k i e s t a t e m e n t ● M o b i l e v i e w
