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出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』
ロシアトムスクで稼働するUberの車両

Ridesharinge[1]

[2]調

名称[編集]


[3]CNN[4]BBC[5][6]AP[7][8][9]使[10][11]hailing使[12]

20151使APAP使[13][14]

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1973197919703M[15]

1990調[16][17]

1990[17]

2006[18]

2009StumbleUpon2007Red Swoosh1,900Ubercab[19][20]
TNC

2011Sidecar2002[21]

Lyft2007Zimride2012[22]

Careem20127[23]

Bolt2013[24]

2013TNCTNCTransportation network company, TNC使[25]

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[26]

 Aslam v Uber BV[27][28][29][30][31][32]20195AB5[33][34]202022[35][36]

[37]

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[38][39][40][41]

[42][43][44]

調調[45][46]

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[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

2020[55][56]3,824[55]14191%7%[55]81%15%2[55]201720185,981247201914202065,0000.00002%[55]202022015[55]調8[55]

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20185521[57]WeChat3[57]813[57]姿[57]1[57]

82720WeChat5[58][58]

323[58]1,80015%2,000[59]

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10120192020[55]

2019調[60][61]200120168調[60]NHTSA調3%201032,8851949201637,400[60]3%9872017201897107[60][60]10016,5[60]

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使15[62]

[63][64][65]

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1890[66]

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WAVWheelchair accessible van使WAV[67]

202114110[68]

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2018D.C.調LGBT[69][70]

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[71][72][73][74]

[75]20199[76]2018MaaS[77]20187[78][79][80]

20163[81]20102019[82]

20177[83]

Uber[84]

日本の対応[編集]


姿[85][86][87]2016[88]2017[88]55[89]鹿[90]

782NPO1/2[91][88]
202448

2024313423224123844[92][93]

20246[94]

脚注[編集]

出典[編集]



(一)^ .  (). 2023913

(二)^ Dickenson, Greg (2018626). How the world is going to war with Uber. The Daily Telegraph. 2022112. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/where-is-uber-banned/ 

(三)^ Lyft IPO: Ridesharing startup outlines all the reasons why it could fail. The Washington Post. (2019413). 2019413. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413021407/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/03/20/lyft-outlines-all-reasons-ridesharing-could-fail-its-ipo-documents/ 

(四)^ New bill would make rideshare drivers benefits-eligible. CNN. (2019911). 20191012. https://web.archive.org/web/20191012182719/https://www.cnn.com/videos/business/2019/09/11/rideshare-gig-economy-california-bill-employee-benefits-mxp-vpx.hln 20191012 

(五)^ Lee, Dave (2019329). For Uber and Lyft, reality is arriving soon. BBC News. 2019727. https://web.archive.org/web/20190727130610/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47729708 

(六)^ Weed, Julie (2019819). Ride Sharing Adds to the Crush of Traffic at Airports. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 2019827. https://web.archive.org/web/20190827212627/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/19/business/airports-traffic-uber-lyft.html 

(七)^ Ronayne, Kathleen (2019829). Rideshare, delivery apps pledge $90M California ballot fight. Associated Press. 2019928. https://web.archive.org/web/20190928235056/https://www.apnews.com/0ac87eaf24804ee98f88760cec11dd39 

(八)^ IPO duds at Peloton, Endeavor give Wall Street bankers another black eye. Los Angeles Times. (2019927). 2019102. https://web.archive.org/web/20191002084958/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-26/pelotons-dud-gives-bankers-on-marquee-ipos-another-black-eye 20191012 

(九)^ MYERS, JOHN; BHUIYAN, JOHANA; ROOSEVELT, MARGOT (2019918). Newsom signs bill rewriting California employment law, limiting use of independent contractors. Los Angeles Times. 2019105. https://web.archive.org/web/20191005235143/https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-09-18/gavin-newsom-signs-ab5-employees0independent-contractors-california 

(十)^ Scheiber, Noam; Conger, Kate (2019920). Uber and Lyft Drivers Gain Labor Clout, With Help From an App. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 2019103. https://web.archive.org/web/20191003192159/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/20/business/uber-lyft-drivers.html 

(11)^ Campbell, Harry. Is It Rideshare, Ride-Hail or Something Else?. Forbes. 20161111. https://web.archive.org/web/20161111094901/https://www.forbes.com/sites/harrycampbell/2015/06/30/is-it-rideshare-ride-hail-or-something-else/ 

(12)^ Roof, Katie. Uber Is Close to Buying Dubai Ride-Sharing Company. The Wall Street Journal. 2019928. https://web.archive.org/web/20190928235054/https://www.wsj.com/articles/uber-is-close-to-buying-dubai-ride-sharing-company-11551388316 20191012 

(13)^ Warzel, Charlie (201518). Let's All Join The AP Stylebook In Killing The Term 'Ride-Sharing'. BuzzFeed. 20181118. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118164459/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/charliewarzel/lets-all-join-the-ap-stylebook-in-killing-the-term-ride-shar 20181216 

(14)^ Freed, Benjamin (2015630). Why You Shouldn't Call Uber and Lyft "Ride-Sharing". Washingtonian Washingtonian. 20181217. https://web.archive.org/web/20181217203853/https://www.washingtonian.com/2015/06/30/why-you-shouldnt-call-uber-and-lyft-ride-sharing/ 20181217 

(15)^ Dynamic Ridesharing: Carpooling Meets the Information Age (2010). 20178302021917

(16)^ Ferguson, Erik (1997). The rise and fall of the American carpool: 19701990. Transportation 24 (4): 349-376. doi:10.1023/A:1004928012320. November 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211106120946/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1004928012320 20211031. 

(17)^ abRidesharing in North America: Past, Present, and Future.  University of California, Berkeley (2011114). 2014242023913

(18)^ ADVANCED PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS: THE STATE OF THE ART UPDATE 2006. 20209232020815

(19)^ Scott, Alec (20151119). Co-founding Uber made Calgary-born Garrett Camp a billionaire. Canadian Business. 20201021. https://web.archive.org/web/20201021103717/https://www.canadianbusiness.com/lists-and-rankings/richest-people/2016-garrett-camp-uber/ 2020815 

(20)^ Shontell, Alyson (2014111). All Hail the Uber Man! How Sharp-Elbowed Salesman Travis Kalanick Became Silicon Valley's Newest Star. Business Insider. 20201112. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021333/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-travis-kalanick-bio-2014-1?r=US&IR=T 20211024 

(21)^ Said, Carolyn (20151229). Ride-sharing pioneer Sidecar to shut down ride, delivery service. San Francisco Chronicle. 202068. https://web.archive.org/web/20200608063459/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Ride-sharing-pioneer-Sidecar-to-shut-down-ride-6726144.php 2020815 

(22)^ Farr, Christina (2013523). Lyft team gets $60M more; now it must prove ride-sharing can go global. [entureBeat. 2017727. https://web.archive.org/web/20170727185342/https://venturebeat.com/2013/05/23/lyft-races-ahead-with-60m-in-funding-but-what-challenges-lie-ahead/ 2020426 

(23)^ Bashir, Omer (2016215). Uber-clone vows safe, affordable ride. Should you Careem around Karachi, Lahore?. 202089. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143529/https://www.dawn.com/news/1238160 2020426 

(24)^ Request a ride, 24/7 (). Bolt. 2023620

(25)^ Geron, Tomio (201399). California Becomes First State To Regulate Ridesharing Services [Lyft, Sidecar, UberX]. Forbes. 2020828. https://web.archive.org/web/20200828205037/https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2013/09/19/california-becomes-first-state-to-regulate-ridesharing-services-lyft-sidecar-uberx/ 2020815 

(26)^ Sainato, Michael (2021827). 'I don't like being treated like crap': gig workers aim to retool a system they say is rigged. The Guardian. 20211031. https://web.archive.org/web/20211031160651/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/aug/27/gig-workers-massachusetts-lawsuit-independent-contractor-status 20211031 

(27)^ Thompson, Rachel (2021219). Uber loses its final appeal in UK Supreme Court in landmark ruling. 2021219. https://web.archive.org/web/20210219110112/https://mashable.com/article/uber-loses-appeal-supreme-court-uk/ 2021220 

(28)^ Korosec, Kirsten; Lomas, Natasha (2021317). Uber says it will treat UK drivers as workers in wake of Supreme Court ruling. TechCrunch. 202148. https://web.archive.org/web/20210408214554/https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/16/uber-says-it-will-treat-uk-drivers-as-workers-in-wake-of-supreme-court-ruling/ 

(29)^ Swiss authorities say Uber drivers should be treated as 'employees'. Swissinfo. (2018319). 20201011. https://web.archive.org/web/20201011173048/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/wage-dumping-_swiss-authorities-say-uber-drivers-should-be-treated-as--employees-/43984356 2019113 

(30)^ Uber has to pay New Jersey nearly $650 million in employment taxes. Engadget. (20191114). 2021116. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116102551/https://www.engadget.com/2019-11-14-new-jersey-uber-employment-tax-bill.html 

(31)^ Lomas, Natasha (2021913). Dutch court finds Uber drivers are employees. TechCrunch. 20211031. https://web.archive.org/web/20211031160651/https://techcrunch.com/2021/09/13/dutch-court-finds-uber-drivers-are-employees/ 20211031 

(32)^ Keane, Jonathan (2021913). Uber Hit By Dutch Ruling That Deems Drivers Employees. Forbes. 20211031. https://web.archive.org/web/20211031160652/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathankeane/2021/09/13/uber-hit-by-dutch-ruling-that-deems-drivers-as-employees/ 20211031 

(33)^ . Forbes. (2021111). https://forbesjapan.com/articles/detail/44103 

(34)^ .  Business Lawyers (2019115). 2023914

(35)^ HILTZIK, MICHAEL (202098). Column: Uber and Lyft just made their campaign to keep exploiting workers the costliest in history. Los Angeles Times. 2020114. https://web.archive.org/web/20201104231642/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2020-09-08/uber-lyft-most-expensive-initiative 

(36)^ Late Contribution Report.  . 20209122023914

(37)^ Ongweso Jr., Edward (2021121). New Study Finds Chicago Uber and Lyft Drivers Are Paid Below Minimum Wage. Vice. 20211030. https://web.archive.org/web/20211030235304/https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5bmjw/new-study-finds-chicago-uber-and-lyft-drivers-are-paid-below-minimum-wage 20211030 

(38)^ Berger, Paul; Gottfried, Miriam (20181013). Hedge Fund Bets on Beaten-Up New York Taxi Business. The Wall Street Journal. 2020119. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109021631/https://www.wsj.com/articles/hedge-fund-bets-on-beaten-up-new-york-taxi-business-1539439200 20181217 

(39)^ Rogers, Kate (2016126). Uber, Lyft put pressure on taxi companies (). CNBC. 2022522022330

(40)^ Uber class action: taxi and hire-car drivers join lawsuit against company (). the Guardian (201953). 20223302022330

(41)^ San Francisco taxi company sues Uber for "predatory pricing tactics" (). TechCrunch (2016112). 2022330

(42)^ Greil, John (2021). The Unfranchised Competitor Doctrine, 66 Villanova Law Review 357, 375. 202192320211024

(43)^ Conger, Kate (2019312). Uber Settles Drivers' Lawsuit for $20 Million (). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022330. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330114051/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/technology/uber-drivers-lawsuit-settle.html 2022330 

(44)^ Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong (201953). Australian Taxi Drivers Sue Uber Over Lost Wages in Class-Action Lawsuit (). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. 2022330. https://web.archive.org/web/20220330114050/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/03/technology/australia-uber-drivers-class-action.html 2022330 

(45)^ Gaskell, Adi. Study Explores The Impact Of Uber On The Taxi Industry (). Forbes. 20224192022419

(46)^ Cramer, Judd; Krueger, Alan B. (March 2016). Disruptive Change in the Taxi Business: The Case of Uber. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w22083. April 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220423184624/https://www.nber.org/papers/w22083 202255. 

(47)^ Hook, Leslie; Solomon, Erika; Ram, Aliya (20171219). Beirut killing reignites concerns about Uber safety. Financial Times. 2020119. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109040754/https://www.ft.com/content/be935fdc-e4df-11e7-97e2-916d4fbac0da 2020815 

(48)^ Healy, Jack (201944). They Thought It Was Their Uber. But the Driver Was a Predator.. The New York Times. 20201221. https://web.archive.org/web/20201221130637/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/04/us/fake-uber-driver-assaults.html 2020815 

(49)^ Holmes, Aaron (20191025). More than 30 women are suing Lyft, saying the company didn't do enough to protect them from sexual assault and kidnapping. Business Insider. 202083. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803120627/https://www.businessinsider.com/lyft-lawsuit-women-claiming-lack-of-sexual-assault-kidnapping-protection-2019-10 2020815 

(50)^ Kerr, Dara (20191024). Lyft is fostering a sexual assault 'epidemic,' victims say. CNET. 20201112. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024945/https://www.cnet.com/features/lyft-is-fostering-a-sexual-assault-epidemic-victims-say/ 2020815 

(51)^  . CNN. (2021728). https://www.cnn.co.jp/usa/35174487.html 

(52)^ Yurieff, Kaya (20171120). Uber fined $8.9 million in Colorado for problematic background checks. CNN. 20201111. https://web.archive.org/web/20201111171842/https://money.cnn.com/2017/11/20/technology/uber-colorado-background-checks-fine/index.html 2020815 

(53)^ Lyft fined after hiring driver with felony convictions. KKTV. (2018113). 20201026. https://web.archive.org/web/20201026214146/https://www.kktv.com/content/news/Lyft-Fined-After-Hiring-Driver-With-Felony-Convictions-469160123.html 2020815 

(54)^ Spielman, Fran (202026). Aldermen crack down on ride-hailing safety. Chicago Sun Times. 2020311. https://web.archive.org/web/20200311111344/https://chicago.suntimes.com/city-hall/2020/2/6/21126441/uber-lyft-driver-impersonate-passenger-attacks-chicago-city-council-fines 2020815 

(55)^ abcdefghSara Ashley O'Brien (2022630). Uber releases safety data: 998 sexual assault incidents including 141 rape reports in 2020. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/06/30/tech/uber-safety-report/index.html 

(56)^ Ubers US Safety Report.  Uber (20226). 2023926

(57)^ abcde. Business Insider Japan. (2018522). https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-167822 

(58)^ abc. Business Insider Japan. (2018827). https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-174064 

(59)^ 20002018. Business Insider Japan. (2019227). https://www.businessinsider.jp/post-186056 

(60)^ abcdefRidehailing services may be driving up traffic deaths.  Chicago Booth (201961). 2023928

(61)^ Ride-hailing services may be driving up traffic deaths.  University of Chicago Office of Communications (201969). 2023928

(62)^ Jacks, Timna (2019111). Uber drivers complain they are forced to break the law to do their job.So that means that the drivers put the passenger in danger to which is against the law.. Sydney Morning Herald. 2020118. https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002916/https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace/uber-drivers-complain-they-are-forced-to-break-the-law-to-do-their-job-20190110-p50qm8.html 2019113 

(63)^ Annear, Steve (201931). 'Fed up' cyclists send letter to Uber, Lyft asking drivers to stop obstructing bike lanes. The Boston Globe. 2021114. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114043306/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/03/01/fed-cyclists-send-letter-uber-lyft-asking-drivers-stop-obstructing-bike-lanes/5zrtT5ADqoxYWttIeATb6O/story.html 2021112 

(64)^ Fitzsimmons, Emma G. (2020310). More Pedestrians and Cyclists are Dying in N.Y.C. Drivers are Often to Blame.. The New York Times. 20201224. https://web.archive.org/web/20201224022414/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/nyregion/nyc-deaths-pedestrian-cycling.html 2021112 

(65)^ Lipson, Vivian (201985). It's Not Your Imagination: Uber and Lyft Drivers Almost Always Park in Bike Lanes. Streetsblog. 2021114. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114072726/https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2019/08/05/its-not-your-imagination-uber-and-lyft-drivers-simply-park-in-bike-lanes/ 2021112 

(66)^ Gill et al v. Uber Technologies, Inc. et al.  PacerMonitor. 20232272023227

(67)^ Said, Carolyn (2018227). Uber does not have enough wheelchair-accessible vehicles, new lawsuit says. San Francisco Chronicle. 2020119. https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030140/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Uber-does-not-have-enough-wheelchair-accessible-12714533.php 2018425 

(68)^ Sonnemaker, Tyler (202142). Uber ordered to pay $1.1 million to blind passenger who was denied rides 14 separate times. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-pay-1-million-blind-passenger-arbitration-discrimination-ada-2021-4 

(69)^ Mejia, Jorge; Parker, Chris (January 2021). When Transparency Fails: Bias and Financial Incentives in Ridesharing Platforms. Management Science 67 (1): 166-184. doi:10.1287/mnsc.2019.3525. http://iu.tind.io/record/3229/files/6125_When-Transparency-Fails.pdf. 

(70)^ BARMANN, JAY C. (2019927). Study Finds That Black and LGBTQ People Still Have Rideshare Drivers Cancel On Them More Often. Gothamist. 20211031. https://web.archive.org/web/20211031160653/https://sfist.com/2019/09/27/study-finds-that-black-and-lgbtq-people-are-more-often-canceled-on-by-uber-and-lyft-drivers/ 20211031 

(71)^ Wolfe, Sean (2018727). Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report. Business Insider. 20201019. https://web.archive.org/web/20201019162527/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-creating-traffic-cities-bruce-schaller-2018-7 20181217 

(72)^ Transport for London (2019). Travel in London Report 12. p. 116. 2021102720211030

(73)^ Andrew J. Hawkins (201986). Uber and Lyft finally admit they're making traffic congestion worse in cities. The Verge. 20211027. https://web.archive.org/web/20211027104350/https://www.theverge.com/2019/8/6/20756945/uber-lyft-tnc-vmt-traffic-congestion-study-fehr-peers 20211030 

(74)^ Eliot Brown (2020215). The Ride-Hail Utopia That Got Stuck in Traffic. The Wall Street Journal. 20211026. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026230359/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-ride-hail-utopia-that-got-stuck-in-traffic-11581742802 20211030 

(75)^ Song, Victoria (2021426). Rideshares Are Increasing Traffic Jams and Making Them Longer, Study Finds. Gizmodo. 20211030. https://web.archive.org/web/20211030025349/https://gizmodo.com/rideshares-are-increasing-traffic-jams-and-making-them-1846762357 20211030 

(76)^ Zhang, Ruda; Ghanem, Roger (September 27, 2019). Demand, Supply, and Performance of Street-Hail Taxi. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 21 (10): 4123-4132. arXiv:1909.12861. Bibcode: 2019arXiv190912861Z. doi:10.1109/TITS.2019.2938762. 

(77)^ Hall, Jonathan D.; Palsson, Craig; Price, Joseph (November 1, 2018). Is Uber a substitute or complement for public transit?. Journal of Urban Economics 108: 36-50. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2018.09.003. ISSN 0094-1190. April 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190430163207/https://www.economics.utoronto.ca/public/workingPapers/tecipa-585.pdf 2020815. 

(78)^ Wolfe, Sean (July 27, 2018), Uber and Lyft are creating more traffic and congestion instead of reducing it, according to a new report, Business Insider, October 19, 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20201019162527/https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-lyft-creating-traffic-cities-bruce-schaller-2018-7 20181217 

(79)^ Transport for London (2019), Travel in London Report 12, p. 116, October 27, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211027024957/https://data.londonsport.org/dataset/v855w/travel-in-london-report-12 20211030 

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