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論理学の歴史

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』

論理学の歴史では、妥当な推論を探求する学問の発展を取り扱う。




西141419退[1]

19[2]

201950

[]

The four great pyramids at Giza

(: γηωμετρια)[3][4]

11[5]8-7[6]

[]

[]


[4]6[4][4][7][4]

5[8]

(: Δισσο λόγοι)4[9]

[]

Mosaic: seven men standing under a tree

4(428-347)[10]:

?

?

?

()[11][12]()[13]()[14]

アリストテレスの論理学[編集]

Front cover of book, titled "Aristotelis Logica", with an illustration of eagle on a snake
アリストテレスの論理学はルネサンス期にも影響力を保った

西[15]:

10

()

; 





()西()()使使()[16]

[]

Stone bust of a bearded, grave-looking man

[17]54(278-206)700300[18][19]()[20]

(i) (ii)  (iii) [21]

[22][23][24][25]

if ... then[26]

-[27](phone)(lexis)(logos)[28]

[]

[]


[29](6)[30]5(12.173.45)(Pāini5)()(350-283)[31]

(2)6[32] (150-250)(480-540)[33] ()[34][35]

16[36]1824西19190119西[37][38][39]: 1830-1865

中国の論理学[編集]

中国では孔子と同時代の墨子墨家の祖とされているが、墨家の聖典は正しい結論を導く条件や妥当な推論といった問題を取り扱っている。中でも、墨家から別れた学派の名家は原始的な形式論理学を研究したものと何人かの研究者に考えられている。秦王朝成立に続く法家の苛烈な支配によって論理学の研究はいったん途絶え、仏教徒によってインド哲学が導入されるのを待つことになる。

中世論理学[編集]

イスラーム哲学における論理学[編集]

Arabic text in pink and blue
アヴィセンナ論理学の創始者、イブン・スィーナーによる教科書

西[40](873950)[41][42]

(9801037)[43]西[44][45][46][41][45]西(: intentio)[47]()(:intentio in intellectu)V[48]

==(1149)(18061873)[49]==(1249)==(12011274)[50]

=(11551191)()[51]=(12131288)=()=()[52](12631328)==()[53][49][54][55][55]

15===[56]1419[50]

中世西欧の論理学[編集]

Top left corner of early printed text, with an illuminated S, beginning "Sicut dicit philosophus"
ブリトの「旧論理学」に対する質問状

()12001600西[57][58]12西()(: Logica Vetus  Ars Vetus) (10791142)(: Logica Ingredientibus) [59][60]

13()西[61][62]1314:[63]

(:Suppositio)()()[64]???[65]()()西[66]

 (: Syncategoremata)  (: categoremata) 

 (: consequentia) ...~(: Si homo currit, Deus est)[67]姿

(1586-1664)(15481617)(16671733)(:Logica Demonstrativa)

[]

[]

Frontispiece, with title beginning "The Artes of Logike and Rethorike, plainlie set foorth in the English tounge, easie to be learned and practised".
(1584)

[68]166219[69]()16641700[69]: [][] (Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, IV. 5. 6)

1620[70]()

: 使(: Logick: Or, the Right Use of Reason1725)(:Logic1826)(1843)[71]50[72]

[]


1817: ()(); 

西(: Geschichte der Logik in Abendland1855-1867)[73]-(:Principles of Logic1883)-

[]


[74][75]: [76]; [77]; [78][79](1900)[80]

[81]

[]


1419退[1]192000[2]

:[82] 50CS[83][...] ; ()()退[84]

[]


:[85]

1847

(:Vorlesungen)

 [86]

1910193019311930

4

[]

Triptych: left, crucifixion; middle, figure approaches the virgin and child; right, figure approaches a man
14

()[87](:calculationes)使(:Logica magna)使300[88];[89] [90][91]

(1816)使[92]: i, j, ...a, b, c...i, j, ...n, o, p...n, o, p... a, b, c... [93]

[]

Coloured diagram of 4 interlocking sets

[94]1847(:Mathematical Analysis of Logic)(1847)[95]使10[96]xy=xyxyxy[97][98][97]

[99][100]

(:Symbolic Logic1881)Boolean relation1869[97]1885(picture at the Firestone Library)

(v使)1864(:Pure Logic; or, the Logic of Quality apart from Quantity)[101](:Vorlesungen18901905)parallel column便(1880)[102]1913[103](1867)(1877)(1890)[104](1816)(1870) (Inclusion (logic)) 

(:Vorlesungen über die Algebra der Logikvol iii 1895)[105]

[]

Straight line with bend; text "x" over bend; text "F(x)" to the right of the line.

[106][106]()(15-17)[107]

()()[108]使[109]AB-A-B-

(x) Ax ->Bx

()xAxBx--[110]



(x) [ I(x) -> (E(x) v A(x)) ]



(x) (I(x) -> E(x)) v (x) (I(x) -> A(x))

:

[][...][111]



(x) [ girl(x) -> E(y) (boy(y) & kissed(x,y)) ]

()

E(x) [ boy(x) & (y) (girl(y) -> kissed(y,x)) ]

使[112]



1901()[113][114](ZF)

1910-1913: (; )

[]

Balding man, with bookshelf in background

1930[115]----

使[116][117]

1933(): (T)[118]Anita Feferman20[119]

19361937; 

1940

201950

[]

Man with a beard and straw hat on a beach

4[120]

1962[121]

1930-1940[122]1950Albert MuchnikRichard Friedberg; 使

1960

proof mining; 

19501960()[123](1980)[124]: (:Grundgesetze des Sollens)1965

関連項目[編集]

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ a b Oxford Companion p. 498; Bochenski, Part I Introduction, passim
  2. ^ a b Oxford Companion p. 500
  3. ^ Kneale, p. 2
  4. ^ a b c d e Kneale, p. 3.
  5. ^ H. F. J. Horstmanshoff, Marten Stol, Cornelis Tilburg (2004), Magic and Rationality in Ancient Near Eastern and Graeco-Roman Medicine, p. 99, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-13666-5.
  6. ^ D. Brown (2000), Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology , Styx Publications, ISBN 90-5693-036-2.
  7. ^ Heath, Mathematics in Aristotle, cited in Kneale, p. 5.
  8. ^ Kneale p. 15
  9. ^ Kneale, p. 16.
  10. ^ Kneale, p. 17.
  11. ^ "forming an opinion is talking, and opinion is speech that is held not with someone else or aloud but in silence with oneself" Theaetetus 189E–190A
  12. ^ Kneale, p. 20. For example, the proof given in the Meno that the square on the diagonal is double the area of the original square presumably involves the forms of the square and the triangle, and the necessary relation between them
  13. ^ Kneale p. 21
  14. ^ Zalta, Edward N. "Aristotle's Logic". Stanford University, 18 March 2000. Retrieved 13 March 2010.
  15. ^ See e.g. Aristotle's logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  16. ^ Bochenski p. 63
  17. ^ "Throughout later antiquity two great schools of logic were distinguished, the Peripatetic which was derived from Aristotle, and the Stoic which was developed by Chrysippus from the teachings of the Megarians" – Kneale p. 113
  18. ^ Oxford Companion, article "Chrysippus", p. 134.
  19. ^ [1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Susanne Bobzien, Ancient Logic
  20. ^ K. Huelser, Die Fragmente zur Dialektik der Stoiker, 4 vols, Stuttgart 1986-7
  21. ^ Kneale, 117–158.
  22. ^ Metaphysics Eta 3, 1046b 29
  23. ^ Boethius, Commentary on the Perihermenias, Meiser p. 234.
  24. ^ Epictetus, Dissertationes ed. Schenkel ii. 19. I.
  25. ^ Alexander p. 177.
  26. ^ Sextus, Adv. Math. pp. viii, 113.
  27. ^ See e.g. Lukasiewicz, p. 21.
  28. ^ Sextus pp. viii., 11, 12.
  29. ^ Bochenski, p. 446.
  30. ^ S. C. Vidyabhusana (1971). A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modern Schools.
  31. ^ R. P. Kangle (1986). The Kautiliya Arthashastra (1.2.11). Motilal Banarsidass.
  32. ^ Bochenski p. 417 and passim
  33. ^ Bochenski pp. 431–7
  34. ^ Bochenski, p. 438.
  35. ^ Bochenksi, p. 441.
  36. ^ Kisor Kumar Chakrabarti (June 1976). “Some Comparisons Between Frege's Logic and Navya-Nyaya Logic”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (International Phenomenological Society) 36 (4): 554–563. doi:10.2307/2106873. JSTOR 2106873. "This paper consists of three parts. The first part deals with Frege's distinction between sense and reference of proper names and a similar distinction in Navya-Nyaya logic. In the second part we have compared Frege's definition of number to the Navya-Nyaya definition of number. In the third part we have shown how the study of the so-called 'restrictive conditions for universals' in Navya-Nyaya logic anticipated some of the developments of modern set theory." 
  37. ^ Boole, Mary Everest "Collected Works" eds E M Cobham and E S Dummer London, Daniel 1931. Letter also published in the Ceylon National Review in 1909, and published as a separate pamphlet "The Psychologic Aspect of Imperialism" in 1911.
  38. ^ Jonardon Ganeri (2001). Indian logic: a reader. Routledge. p. vii. ISBN 0-7007-1306-9 
  39. ^ Indian Thought and Western Science in the Nineteenth Century オンラインで公開されている当該書籍 (p. 9)
  40. ^ See e.g. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online Version 2.0, article 'Islamic philosophy'
  41. ^ a b History of logic: Arabic logic, Encyclopædia Britannica.
  42. ^ Feldman, Seymour (1964-11-26). “Rescher on Arabic Logic”. The Journal of Philosophy (Journal of Philosophy, Inc.) 61 (22): 724–734. doi:10.2307/2023632. ISSN 0022-362X. JSTOR 2023632.  [726]. Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27556-3 
  43. ^ Dag Nikolaus Hasse (2008年9月19日). “Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2009年10月13日閲覧。
  44. ^ Richard F. Washell (1973), "Logic, Language, and Albert the Great", Journal of the History of Ideas 34 (3), pp. 445–450 [445].
  45. ^ a b Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003), Islamic Humanism, p. 155, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
  46. ^ Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992); Avicenna, p. 188, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-01929-X.
  47. ^ Kneale p. 229
  48. ^ Kneale: p. 266; Ockham: Summa Logicae i. 14; Avicenna: Avicennae Opera Venice 1508 f87rb
  49. ^ a b Muhammad Iqbal, The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam, "The Spirit of Muslim Culture" (cf. [2] and [3])
  50. ^ a b Tony Street (2008年7月23日). “Arabic and Islamic Philosophy of Language and Logic”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2008年12月5日閲覧。
  51. ^ Dr. Lotfollah Nabavi, Sohrevardi's Theory of Decisive Necessity and kripke's QSS System, Journal of Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences.
  52. ^ Dr. Abu Shadi Al-Roubi (1982), "Ibn Al-Nafis as a philosopher", Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. Ibn al-Nafis As a Philosopher, Encyclopedia of Islamic World).
  53. ^ See pp. 253–254 of Street, Tony (2005). “Logic”. In Peter Adamson and Richard C. Taylor (edd.). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 247–265. ISBN 978-0-521-52069-0 
  54. ^ Ruth Mas (1998). “Qiyas: A Study in Islamic Logic”. Folia Orientalia 34: 113–128. ISSN 0015-5675. http://www.colorado.edu/ReligiousStudies/faculty/mas/LOGIC.pdf. 
  55. ^ a b John F. Sowa; Majumdar, Arun K. (2003). "Analogical reasoning". Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Creation and Communication, Proceedings of ICCS 2003. Berlin: Springer-Verlag., pp. 16-36
  56. ^ Nicholas Rescher and Arnold vander Nat, "The Arabic Theory of Temporal Modal Syllogistic", in George Fadlo Hourani (1975), Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, pp. 189–221, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-87395-224-3.
  57. ^ Boehner p. xiv
  58. ^ Kneale, p. 198.
  59. ^ Stephen Dumont, article "Peter Abelard" in Gracia and Noone, p. 492.
  60. ^ Kneale, pp. 202–3.
  61. ^ See e.g. Kneale, p. 225.
  62. ^ Boehner, p. 1.
  63. ^ Boehner, pp. 19–76.
  64. ^ Boehner, p. 29.
  65. ^ Boehner, p. 30.
  66. ^ Ebbesen 1981
  67. ^ Boehner, pp. 54–5.
  68. ^ Oxford Companion p. 504, article "Traditional logic"
  69. ^ a b Buroker xxiii
  70. ^ Farrington, 1964, 89
  71. ^ N. Abbagnano, "Psychologism" in P. Edwards (ed) The Encyclopaedia of Philosophy, MacMillan, 1967
  72. ^ Of the German literature in this period, Robert Adamson wrote "Logics swarm as bees in springtime..."; Robert Adamson, A Short History of Logic, Wm. Blackwood & Sons, 1911, page 242
  73. ^ Carl von Prantl (1855-1867), Geschichte von Logik in Abendland, Leipsig: S. Hirzl, anastatically reprinted in 1997, Hildesheim: Georg Olds.
  74. ^ See e.g. Psychologism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  75. ^ Wilhelm Wundt, Logik (1880–1883); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, pp. 115–116.
  76. ^ Theodor Lipps, Grundzüge der Logik (1893); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 40
  77. ^ Christoph von Sigwart, Logik (1873–78); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 51
  78. ^ Benno Erdmann, Logik (1892); quoted in Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. 96
  79. ^ Dermot Moran, "Introduction"; Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. xxi
  80. ^ Michael Dummett, "Preface"; Edmund Husserl, Logical Investigations, translated J.N. Findlay, Routledge, 2008, Volume 1, p. xvii
  81. ^ Josiah Royce, "Recent Logical Enquiries and their Psychological Bearings" (1902) in John J. McDermott (ed) The Basic Writings of Josiah Royce Volume 2, Fordham University Press, 2005, p. 661
  82. ^ Bochenski, p. 266
  83. ^ Peirce 1896
  84. ^ Bochenski, ibidem
  85. ^ See Bochenski p. 269
  86. ^ Oxford Companion p. 499
  87. ^ Edith Sylla (1999), "Oxford Calculators", in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge.
  88. ^ El. philos. sect. I de corp 1.1.2.
  89. ^ Bochenski p. 274
  90. ^ Rutherford, Donald, 1995, "Philosophy and language" in Jolley, N., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press.
  91. ^ Wiener, Philip, 1951. Leibniz: Selections. Scribner.
  92. ^ Essai de dialectique rationelle, 211n, quoted in Bochenski p. 277.
  93. ^ Wissenschaftslehre II 198ff, quoted in Bochenski 280; see Oxford 'Companion p. 498.
  94. ^ See e.g. Bochenski p. 296 and passim
  95. ^ Before publishing, he wrote to De Morgan, who was just finishing his work Formal Logic. De Morgan suggested they should publish first, and thus the two books appeared at the same time, possibly even reaching the bookshops on the same day. cf. Kneale p. 404
  96. ^ Kneale p. 404
  97. ^ a b c Kneale p. 407
  98. ^ Boole (1847) p. 16
  99. ^ Boole 1847 pp. 58–9
  100. ^ Beaney p. 11
  101. ^ Kneale p. 422
  102. ^ Peirce, "A Boolean Algebra with One Constant", 1880 MS, Collected Papers v. 4, paragraphs 12–20, reprinted Writings v. 4, pp. 218-21. Google Preview.
  103. ^ Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., xiv (1913), pp. 481–8. This is now known as the Sheffer stroke
  104. ^ Bochenski 296
  105. ^ See CP III
  106. ^ a b Kneale p. 435
  107. ^ Jevons, The Principles of Science, London 1879, p. 156, quoted in Grundlagen 15
  108. ^ Beaney p. 10 – the completeness of Frege's system was eventually proved by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1934
  109. ^ See for example the argument by the medieval logician William of Ockham that singular propositions are universal, in Summa Logicae III. 8 (??)
  110. ^ "On concept and object" p. 198; Geach p. 48
  111. ^ BLC p. 14, quoted in Beaney p. 12
  112. ^ See e.g. The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, article "Frege"
  113. ^ See e.g. Potter 2004
  114. ^ Zermelo 1908
  115. ^ Feferman 1999 p. 1
  116. ^ Girard, Jean-Yves; Paul Taylor, Yves Lafont (1990) [1989]. Proofs and Types. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge Tracts in Theoretical Computer Science, 7). ISBN 0-521-37181-3. http://www.paultaylor.eu/stable/Proofs%2BTypes.html 
  117. ^ Alex Sakharov. "Cut Elimination Theorem". mathworld.wolfram.com (英語).
  118. ^ Feferman and Feferman 2004, p. 122, discussing "The Impact of Tarski's Theory of Truth".
  119. ^ Feferman 1999, p. 1
  120. ^ See e.g. Barwise, Handbook of Mathematical Logic
  121. ^ The Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis, II Paul J. Cohen Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 51, No. 1. (Jan. 15, 1964), pp. 105-110.
  122. ^ Many of the foundational papers are collected in The Undecidable (1965) edited by Martin Davis
  123. ^ Jerry Fodor, "Water's water everywhere", London Review of Books, 21 October 2004
  124. ^ See Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century: Volume 2: The Age of Meaning, Scott Soames: "Naming and Necessity is among the most important works ever, ranking with the classical work of Frege in the late nineteenth century, and of Russell, Tarski and Wittgenstein in the first half of the twentieth century". Cited in Byrne, Alex and Hall, Ned. 2004. 'Necessary Truths'. Boston Review October/November 2004

参考文献[編集]

  • Alexander of Aphrodisias, In Aristotelis An. Pr. Lib. I Commentarium, ed. Wallies, C.I.A.G.
  • Avicenna, Avicennae Opera Venice 1508.
  • Barwise, Jon, ed. (1982), Handbook of Mathematical Logic, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, North Holland, ISBN 978-0-444-86388-1 .
  • Beaney, Michael, The Frege Reader, London: Blackwell 1997.
  • Bochenski, I.M., A History of Formal Logic, Notre Dame press, 1961.
  • Philotheus Boehner, Medieval Logic, Manchester 1950.
  • Boethius Commentary on the Perihermenias, Secunda Editio, ed. Meiser.
  • Bolzano, Bernard Wissenschaftslehre, 4 Bde Neudr., 2. verb, A. hrsg. W. Schultz, Leipzig I-II 1929, III 1930, IV 1931 (trans. as Theory of science, attempt at a detailed and in the main novel exposition of logic with constant attention to earlier authors. (Edited and translated by Rolf George University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1972).
  • Bolzano, Bernard Theory of science (Edited, with an introduction, by Jan Berg. Translated from the German by Burnham Terrell – D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht and Boston 1973).
  • Boole, George (1847) The Mathematical Analysis of Logic (Cambridge and London); repr. in Studies in Logic and Probability, ed. R. Rhees (London 1952).
  • Boole, George (1854) The Laws of Thought (London and Cambridge); repr. as Collected Logical Works. Vol. 2, (Chicago and London: Open Court, 1940).
  • Jill Vance Buroker (transl. and introduction), Logic or the Art of Thinking, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-48249-6.
  • Church, Alonzo, 1936-8. "A bibliography of symbolic logic". Journal of Symbolic Logic 1: 121–218; 3:178–212.
  • Ebbesen, S. "Early supposition theory (12th–13th Century)" Histoire, Épistémologie, Langage 3/1: 35–48 (1981).
  • Epictetus, Dissertationes ed. Schenkl.
  • Farrington, B., The Philosophy of Francis Bacon, Liverpool 1964.
  • Feferman, Anita B. (1999). "Alfred Tarski". American National Biography. 21. Oxford University Press. pp. 330–332. ISBN 978-0-19-512800-0.
  • Feferman, Anita B.; Feferman, Solomon (2004). Alfred Tarski: Life and Logic. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80240-6. OCLC 54691904 
  • Frege, G., Boole's Logical Calculus and the Concept Script, 1882, in Posthumous Writings transl. P.Long and R. White 1969, pp. 9–46.
  • Gabbay, Dov and John Woods, eds, Handbook of the History of Logic 2004. 1. Greek, Indian and Arabic logic; 2. Mediaeval and Renaissance logic; 3. The rise of modern logic: from Leibniz to Frege; 4. British logic in the Nineteenth century; 5. Logic from Russell to Church; 6. Sets and extensions in the Twentieth century (not yet published); 7. Logic and the modalities in the Twentieth century; 8. The many-valued and nonmonotonic turn in logic; 9. Logic and computation (not yet published); 10. Inductive logic (not yet published); 11. Logic: A history of its central concepts (not yet published) Elsevier, ISBN 0-444-51611-5.
  • Geach, P.T. Logic Matters, Blackwell 1972.
  • Gergonne, Joseph Diaz, (1816) "Essai de dialectique rationelle", in Annales de mathem, pures et appl. 7, 1816/7, 189–228.
  • Goodman, Lenn Evan (2003). Islamic Humanism. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-513580-6.
  • Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). Avicenna. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-01929-X.
  • Grattan-Guinness, Ivor, 2000. The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870–1940. Princeton University Press.
  • Gracia, J.G. and Noone, T.B., A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, London 2003.
  • Haaparanta, Leila (ed.) 2009. The Development of Modern Logic Oxford University Press.
  • Heath, T.L., 1949. Mathematics in Aristotle Oxford University Press.
  • Heath, T.L., 1931, A Manual of Greek Mathematics, Oxford (Clarendon Press).
  • Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-19-866132-0.
  • Jevons, The Principles of Science, London 1879.
  • Kneale, William and Martha, 1962. The development of logic. Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-824773-7.
  • Lukasiewicz, Aristotle's Syllogistic, Oxford University Press 1951.
  • Ockham's Theory of Terms: Part I of the Summa Logicae, translated and introduced by Michael J. Loux (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press 1974). Reprinted: South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 1998.
  • Ockham's Theory of Propositions: Part II of the Summa Logicae, translated by Alfred J. Freddoso and Henry Schuurman and introduced by Alfred J. Freddoso (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1980). Reprinted: South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press, 1998.
  • Peirce, C.S., (1896), "The Regenerated Logic", The Monist, vol. VII, No. 1, p pp. 19-40, The Open Court Publishing Co., Chicago, IL, 1896, for the Hegeler Institute. Reprinted (CP 3.425–455). Internet Archive The Monist 7.
  • Michael Potter (2004), Set Theory and its Philosophy, Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Sextus Empiricus, Against the Grammarians (Adversos Mathematicos I). David Blank (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998). ISBN 0-19-824470-3.
  • Zermelo, Ernst (1908). “Untersuchungen über die Grundlagen der Mengenlehre I”. Mathematische Annalen 65 (2): 261–281. doi:10.1007/BF01449999.  English translation in Heijenoort, Jean van (1967). “Investigations in the foundations of set theory”. From Frege to Gödel: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879–1931. Source Books in the History of the Sciences. Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 199–215. ISBN 978-0-674-32449-7 .

外部リンク[編集]